標志詞：

（1）表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，也可以說過去的時間關于過去的動作。即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。
（2）表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for,since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。
（3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。
（4）在含有定語從句的主從復合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。
（5）過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。
（6）狀語從句：在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。
注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復合句中，因為這時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
（7）動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。
（8）過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。

過去完成時-語法判定
1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：
（ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。
如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。
如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：
（ 1 ）賓語從句中 當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。
在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。
如：She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）狀語從句中 在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。
如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before, after 引導的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。
如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.


典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。
注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發(fā)生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。

注意： had no … when 還沒等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
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