過去完成時(shí)
（1）常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：
①by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示過去某一時(shí)刻的短語或從句。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
②表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped/ planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted/ expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過去式接不定式完成式表示，即had hoped/ planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted/ expected to have done。
③“時(shí)間名詞＋before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞＋ago”在句子中狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式。
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
④表示“一……就……”的幾個(gè)句型：
Hardly/ No sooner/ Scarcely had ＋主語＋過去分詞＋when/ than/ before＋一般過去時(shí)。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
（2）在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。
After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.

過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
過去完成時(shí)由“had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，句中常用by，before，until，when等詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語。
We had built five new buildings by the end of last year.
過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有以下三種形式：
（1）肯定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語＋ had been done ＋其他成分
（2）否定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語＋ had not been done ＋其他成分
（3）疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：had ＋主語＋ been done ＋其他成分；
疑問詞＋ had ＋主語＋ been done ＋其他成分
過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用于以下情況：
（1）表示過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，常與by, before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished.
The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came.
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?
Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting?
（2）在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞之后的賓語從句中，若表示過去某一被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí)，用過去完成時(shí)。
The said the production costs had been reduced.
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in.
The media reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
（3）根據(jù)語意可以判斷出動(dòng)作先后的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用過去完成時(shí)。
As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet.
He did what he had been told to
另：當(dāng)從句由 after，before，when或 as soon as引導(dǎo)時(shí)，主句和從句都可以用一般過去時(shí)。
When he arrived, he called her.
They locked the door before they left.