現(xiàn)在完成時英語16種時態(tài)中不易掌握的一種時態(tài),不僅用法法復(fù)雜,而且還通常要與某些特定的詞語連用。本文對現(xiàn)在完成時通常連用的詞語作一歸納,供大家參考。

一、since不管since 是用作介詞、連詞還是副詞,它通常都與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:Charles has worked hard since leaving school. 自從離開學(xué)校以來查爾斯工作一直很努力。(since為介詞) Great changes have taken place here since 1978. 自1978年以來這里發(fā)生了巨大的變化。(since為介詞)Her reading has improved greatly since she changed schools. 自從她轉(zhuǎn)校以來,她的閱讀水平提高了很多。(since為連詞) You haven’t changed muchfy; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-s since we last met. 自從上次我們見面以來,你變化不大。(since為連詞) She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年五月到倫敦,此后一直在報(bào)社工作。(since為副詞) He left school in 1983. I haven’t seen him since. 他1983年離開學(xué)校。打那時起我一直沒見過他。(since為副詞)

【幾點(diǎn)說明】1. 表示時間長度時,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在完成時。如:How long is it since you arrived? 你到來多久了?It is [=has been] ten years since he left here. 他離開這兒已10年了。2. 對于某些表示狀態(tài)(如seem等)的動詞,或因句義等方面的原因,有時可能用一般現(xiàn)在時比用現(xiàn)在完成時更合適。如:It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 從什么什候開始42元加5元的服務(wù)費(fèi)等于48元了? 3. 若不是指從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而是指從較遠(yuǎn)的過去持續(xù)到一個較近的過去,則用過去完成時。比較:He hasn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 自星期二以來他一直未吃東西。(自星期二以來他一直未吃東西。指從星期二到現(xiàn)在未吃東西)Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西

二、in the last five years類似于in the last five years的時間狀語,它若表示從現(xiàn)在算起的過去一段時間內(nèi),通常要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:This company has come a long way in the last five years. 最近五年這個公司已經(jīng)前進(jìn)了一大步。The house has changed hands three times in the last two years. 在過去兩年中,這棟房子已轉(zhuǎn)手三次。Is that the sum of what you’ve done in the last two years? 這就是你最近兩年中完成的全部數(shù)量嗎?【注】其中的介詞in有時也可換成for, during, over, within 等,有時也可省去。如:I have been here for the last two weeks. 最近兩周我一直在這里。Over the last few years, prices have fallen sharply. 在過去的幾年中,價格已急劇下降了。My business has decreased during the last two months. 最近兩個月內(nèi),我的生意減少了。另外,若不是表示從現(xiàn)在算起的過去一段時間,則不用現(xiàn)在完成時。如:Jim managed two goals in the last ten minutes. 在最后的10分鐘內(nèi),吉姆設(shè)法得了兩分?!颈容^】I didn’t see much of Harry in the last months. 在最后的幾個月中,我很少看見哈里。I haven’t seen much of Harry in the last months. 在最近的幾個月中,我很少看見哈里。

三、in the past five years類似于in the past five years的時間狀語,它表示從現(xiàn)在算起的過去一段時間,因此通常要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:的時間狀語,它表示從現(xiàn)在算I’ve seen little of her in the past few weeks. 近幾周我很少見到她。We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past five years. 過去五年我們種了成千上萬棵樹。Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years. 人口在過去25年內(nèi)增加了200%。【注】其中的介詞in有時也可換成for, during, over, within 等,有時也可省去。如:He’s been in a coma for the past six weeks. 在過去的六個星期中,他一直昏迷不醒。People have changed their diets a lot over the past few years. 在過去的幾年中,人們的飲食習(xí)慣已改變了很大。Within the past few minutes, the President has issued a statement. 在過去的幾分鐘里,總統(tǒng)發(fā)表了一項(xiàng)聲明。另外,有時可能用含有情態(tài)動詞的完成式。如:I must have slept three hours in the past day and a half. 在過去的一天半時間里,我肯定只睡了三個小時。
  

四、over the yearsover the years 的意思是“這些年來”“經(jīng)過這么多年之后”“最近幾年”,通常表示的是從現(xiàn)在算起的過去幾年,因此通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:She’s brought us so much happiness over the years. 這些年來,她給我們帶來了不少的幸福。We’ve had a few arguments over the years, but in general we get on very well. 最近幾年來,我們爭吵過幾次,但總的說來,我們相處得很好。Women’s social status hasn’t changed much over the years. 這些年來婦女的社會地位沒有多大改變。Over the years I’ve learnt to remember how to survive, and how to forget pain. 這些年來,我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了記住怎樣掙扎求生和怎樣忘卻痛苦。

【注】當(dāng)不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響時,該短語有時也可與一般過去時或過去完成時連用。如: Over the years, her love for him deepened. 在過去的幾年中,她對他的愛進(jìn)一步加深了。She’d suffered terribly over the years but it hadn’t made her bitter. 她在過去的幾年中吃了不少苦,但這并沒有讓她產(chǎn)生怨恨。有時over the years還可表示在將來的幾年中,此時可與將來時態(tài)連用。如:The brickwork will mellow over the years so that it blends with the surroundings. 再過幾年,這磚墻將會變?nèi)岷?,這樣它就會與周圍的環(huán)境和諧一致了。

五、so far當(dāng)so far表示“到目前為止”時,它指的是從過去某時持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間,因此通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:So far there has been no bad news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。We agreed to meet here but so far he hasn’t turned up yet. 我們講好在這里見面的,但到目前為止他還沒有來。So far the work has been easy, but things may change. 到目前為止,這工作很容易,但情況可能有變化。Thankfully, the land has so far escaped . 謝天謝地,至今這塊土地尚未開發(fā)過?!咀ⅰ慨?dāng)so far表示“到這種程度或范圍”時,則不一定與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,而是可以根據(jù)情況選用時態(tài)。如:I can only help him so far. 我只能幫他到這種程度。
  
六、up to nowup to nowup to now 的意思是“到現(xiàn)在為此”,指從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間,通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:Up to now he’s been quiet. 他直到此刻仍保持沉默。Her life has run smoothly up to now. 她的生活到目前仍一帆風(fēng)順。Up to now, the work has been easy. 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。

七、until nowuntil now 的意思是“直到現(xiàn)在(為止)”,表示從過去某時持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間,通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:Until now I have always lived alone. 我一直獨(dú)自生活至今。Until now the President has shut his eyes to this problem. 總統(tǒng)至今仍對這個問題視而不見。

【注】以下兩句中的until now比較特殊,因?yàn)槠渲械膗ntil與前面的“否定”構(gòu)成了類似于not…until…(直到……才)這樣的句式,此時,句子通常用一般過去時。如:(直到……才)這樣的句式,此時,句子通常用一般過去時。如:I was unaware of his existence until now. 現(xiàn)在我才知道有他這么個人。I never realized I loved you until now. 我至今才意識到我愛你。另外,until有兩個意思,一是表示“到……為止”,二是表示“在……以前”,所以until now除表示“到現(xiàn)在為止”外,有時還可表示“在此之前”(即過去),此時它可與一般過去時連用。如:Until now I thought that this sort of accident was the owner’s fault but now I know differently. 過去我一直認(rèn)為這類事故是車主的過錯,但現(xiàn)在我有了不同看法。

八、It’s the first time that…It’s the first [second, third…] time that… 的意思是“這是第一次(第二次、第三次……)做某事”。句首的it有時也可換成this, that等。如:It’s the second time I’ve come here. 這是我第二次來這兒。It’s the first time that he has seen an elephant. 這是他第一次見到大象。This is the first time that I’ve heard her sing. 這是我頭一次聽她唱歌。若主句用一般過去時,則that從句通常用過去完成時。如:It was the first time that I had ever driven a taxi. 這是我第一次開出租車。
  
九、just副詞just表示“剛剛”時,在英國英語中常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,而在美國英語中常與一般過去時連用。如:He (has) just arrived in Japan. 他剛到日本。The clock (has) just struck three. 鐘剛敲過三點(diǎn)。Poor Jim (has) just had an accident. 可憐的吉姆剛出個事故。 十、before,imes New Roman'; mso-han recently, in the past副詞before的意思是“以前”,副詞recently的意思是“最近”,介詞短語in the past的意思是“過去”。一般說來,它們既可與現(xiàn)在完成時連用(強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響或與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系),也可與一般過去時連用(客觀地陳述過去的情況)。如:客觀地陳述過去的情況I (have) read the book before. 我以前讀過這本書。He has done [did] this sort of work before. 他以前干過這種工作。I hear that he went [has gone] abroad recently. 我聽說他最近出國了。In the past I (have) had many jobs. 以前我做過許多工作。In the past people thought that the sun turned round the earth. 過去人們認(rèn)為太陽是繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。