中級(jí)口譯翻譯全真題答案及講評(píng)（2000 年9月考題）
2000 年9月考題
TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30 minutes)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
Both language and culture are learned by children without special organized programs of instruction, but motivation to learn is very high since language is the most effective means for a child to obtain what he or she wants. If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist. But not only do languages exhibit such learning patterns, but so do cultural traits, for example, shaking hands, kissing, and embracing.
Although many persons assume that languages exist in dictionaries and grammars, in fact they only exist in people’s heads. But this is equally true of cultural traits, which indicate clearly a person’s value system when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.
分析：
① Both language and culture are learned by children without special organized programs of instruction, but motivation to learn is very high since language is the most effective means for a child to obtain (what he or she wants).
譯文 1 ：語言和文化學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)兒童來說并不存在特定的程序和計(jì)劃，但是由于語言是兒童得償所愿最有效的方式，因而他們學(xué)語言的主觀能動(dòng)性是很高的。
? 譯文2：兒童學(xué)習(xí)語言和文化，無需專門編制的教學(xué)計(jì)劃，但他們的學(xué)習(xí)積極性很高，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)粢@得想要的東西，語言乃是最有效的手段。
? 考點(diǎn)：轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：被主交換：are learned by children→ 兒童學(xué)習(xí)
?意譯： special organized programs of instruction→ 特定的程序和計(jì)劃
具體譯法：成語法： obtain what he or she wants→ 得償所愿
???????? 換序譯法： since 從句先譯
② If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learnedafter upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist.
? 譯文1：如果一個(gè)人在少年時(shí)期就學(xué)一門新的語言，那么（將來）很可能說得很流利。但如果成年還沒有學(xué)語言，母語的一些習(xí)慣特征就會(huì)根深蒂固。
? 譯文2：如果一個(gè)人十來歲開始學(xué)習(xí)一門新的語言，日后他就有可能輕松自如地說這門語言。但如果到十六、七歲才學(xué)，那么他說話時(shí)多半會(huì)夾雜一些母語的痕跡。
? 考點(diǎn)： 轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：名詞 → 動(dòng)詞 learning→ 學(xué)習(xí)
? 動(dòng)詞 → 形容詞 persist→ 根深蒂固 naturalness→ 流利
? 動(dòng)詞 → 副詞 naturalness→ 輕松自如地
????????? 意譯：? before lower adolescence→ 少年時(shí)期；十來歲
?????????????????? after upper adolescence→ 到成年；十六、七歲
???????????????????hangover→ 痕跡
adolescence 在英語中表示“青春期”，一般指成年以前從 13 到 15 歲的發(fā)育期。在翻譯 before lower adolescence 時(shí)，不能簡單處理成“青少年時(shí)期的早期”，既累贅，語義又晦澀?？梢苑g成“少年時(shí)期”，因?yàn)椤扒嗌倌陼r(shí)期的早期”即“少年時(shí)期”，也可根據(jù) adolescence 的年齡范圍處理成“十幾歲”。當(dāng)然 after upper adolescence 直譯為“在青春期后”，即“十六、七歲”，此階段離“成年”不遠(yuǎn)。
????????? 正反譯法： if learned after upper adolescence→ 如果成年還沒有學(xué)語言
????????? 轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：被主交換 but if learned after upper adolescence→ 如果成年還沒有學(xué)語言
???????? ?具體譯法：成語法： persist→ 根深蒂固
③ But not only do languages exhibit such learning patterns, but so docultural traits, for example, shaking hands, kissing, and embracing.
? 譯文 1 ：不僅語言體現(xiàn)了這種學(xué)習(xí)方式，文化特性也是如此，諸如握手、接吻和擁抱。
? 譯文 2 ：不僅語言學(xué)習(xí)呈現(xiàn)這種模式，文化秉性，如握手、接吻和擁抱，也同樣如此。
? 考點(diǎn)： 倒裝句的翻譯
④ Although many persons assume that languages exist in dictionaries and grammars, in fact they only exist in people’s heads.
? 譯文：盡管許多人認(rèn)為語言只存在于字典和語法書中，其實(shí)它只存在于人的頭腦里。
? 考點(diǎn)：具體譯法：加字法： grammars→ 語法書
? 前者有“字典”， grammar 如翻譯成“語法”，和“字典”并不是一個(gè)對(duì)等的實(shí)物，因?yàn)椤罢Z法”是一個(gè)抽象的東西，而“語法書”是一個(gè)具體的出版物，因此應(yīng)選擇后者的翻譯。
⑤ But this is equally true of cultural traits, (which indicate clearly a person’s value system) when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.
? 譯文 1 ：文化特性何嘗不是如此？當(dāng)人們不得不做出不加思索的關(guān)鍵決定，比如說跳進(jìn)湍急的水流中救一個(gè)溺水兒童，那么他的文化特性就清晰地展現(xiàn)了他的價(jià)值體系。
? 譯文 2 ：文化秉性亦然。在沒有時(shí)間考慮何取何舍而必須作出關(guān)鍵性決定時(shí)，如跳進(jìn)湍急的水流中去救一個(gè)溺水的孩子，文化秉性會(huì)清楚的表現(xiàn)了一個(gè)人的價(jià)值體系。
? 考點(diǎn)： This is true of/in… 表示以上情況也適用于 of 后的賓語，翻譯時(shí)可用“何嘗不是如此”、“亦然”、“也是這樣”等表達(dá)。如：In Mac, you can enjoy the food in a comforting atmosphere with instant and professional service. This is also true in KFC.?在麥當(dāng)勞就餐環(huán)境舒適，服務(wù)專業(yè)迅捷?？系禄螄L不是如此？
? 定語從句的翻譯：重復(fù)法 →which…??
??換序譯法： ⑴ But this is equally true of cultural traits, ⑸ which indicate clearly a person’s value system ⑶ when crucial decisions need to be made ⑵ before there is any time to think about alternatives, ⑷ for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child. 翻譯順序如上。這句句子是一句非常復(fù)雜的句子，表面上不難理解，但翻譯的順序很有講究。除了第 ⑴ 句，后面有兩句相連環(huán)的定語從句 ,which 是一句非限制性定語從句， when 是一句限制性定語從句，由于較長，不可能翻譯成“清晰地展現(xiàn)了當(dāng) …… 的價(jià)值體系”。因此可以把 when 這句定語從句當(dāng)成是一句時(shí)間狀語從句去處理，單獨(dú)斷句。不料在 when 這句中又有 before 真正的時(shí)間狀語從句，這時(shí)有兩種翻譯方法：一種是把它翻譯成一般的時(shí)間狀語從句，或是把它處理成較簡單的表達(dá)，作定語去修飾 decisions ，兩種方法都需要前置。翻譯完后再緊跟第 ⑷ 句作為例子，趁熱打鐵。最后再回到上面處理第 ⑸ 句，不過由于當(dāng)中隔離許多內(nèi)容，讀者對(duì) which 所指代的 cultural traits 已經(jīng)沒有印象，需要在翻譯時(shí)再次提起。
??轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法：被主交換:? crucial decisions need to be made→ 人們不得不做出關(guān)鍵決定
??意譯： before there is any time to think about alternatives→ 不假思索的
? flooding stream 極易翻錯(cuò)，不解釋為“洪水”，因?yàn)椤昂樗睘?flood ，在這里 flooding 為形容詞，修飾 stream ，表示“湍急的水流”
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