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The Civil War

美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

On April 12, 1861, after years of bitter debate, war began between the North and the South when Confederate troops fired at Union troops stationed at Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. After the attack, President Lincoln called on the states' governors to send 75,000 militia to serve three-month terms as federal soldiers. This forced the governors to decide which side they were on. Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas seceded from the Union and joined South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, which had already seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware stayed in the Union.

經(jīng)過激烈的辯論,1861年4月12日,南方邦聯(lián)軍向駐扎在南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓港口的薩姆城堡里的聯(lián)邦軍開火,美國南北之間的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)拉開了帷幕。遇刺后,林肯召集各州州長,要求各州征集75,000名民兵到聯(lián)邦軍隊服役三個月。這就迫使各州州長下決定站在哪一邊。弗吉尼亞、田納西州、北卡羅來納州、阿肯色州脫離了聯(lián)邦,加入了早已脫離聯(lián)邦并組建了自己的美國南部邦聯(lián)政府的南卡羅來納州、喬治亞州、佛羅里達州、阿拉巴馬州、密西西比州、路易斯安那和德克薩斯州。密蘇里州、肯塔基州、馬里蘭和特拉華這些邊界州則站在聯(lián)邦軍這一邊。

Both the Union and Confederate armies were made up largely of inexperienced recruits, but many of the commanders had been educated at West Point and other military schools and had seen action in the Mexican War. Hopes were high on both sides that the war would be very short and either the South would be allowed to form its own government or it would be quickly defeated and forced back into the Union.

聯(lián)邦和邦聯(lián)的軍隊在很大程度上都由大量沒有經(jīng)驗的新兵組成,然而雙方的指揮官員大多都在西點軍?;蚱渌娛聦W(xué)校受過高等教育,很多還參加過墨西哥戰(zhàn)役。雙方都有信心,認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)爭很快就會結(jié)束——要么南部獲得許可成立自己的政府,要么它會被很快擊敗被迫重返聯(lián)邦。

However, the South scored victories at the first battle of Bull Run and while defending the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia, during the Seven Days' Campaign. The Confederates won the second battle of Bull Run, and the Union army failed to stop Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia from escaping after the bloody battle at Antietam Creek. Southern commanders included Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson, Joseph Johnston, James Longstreet, and J.E.B. Stuart.

然而事實并非如此。在第一次布爾淵戰(zhàn)役中,南方邦聯(lián)取得了勝利,而后又不得不在弗吉尼亞里士滿的七日之戰(zhàn)中進行邦聯(lián)首都保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)。接下來邦聯(lián)軍贏得了第二次布爾淵戰(zhàn)役,在安堤耶坦溪血腥戰(zhàn)役后,聯(lián)邦軍沒有成功阻止由羅伯特·李領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的北維吉尼亞軍隊的脫逃。當(dāng)時南部邦聯(lián)的指揮將領(lǐng)包括托馬斯(斯頓威爾)·約翰遜、約瑟夫·約翰斯頓、詹姆斯·朗斯特里特和J.E.B.斯圖亞特。

President Lincoln could not seem to find a commander who could win and keep pushing to finish off the Confederates. Command of the North's Army of the Potomac went from Irwin McDowell to George McClellan to Ambrose Burnside to Joe Hooker to George Meade. After further Union defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, it was an accidental meeting of the two armies at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, that would turn the tide of the war.

林肯總統(tǒng)當(dāng)時找不到一個能贏得勝利、盡快消滅邦聯(lián)軍的將領(lǐng)。在波拖馬可河的聯(lián)邦軍隊的將領(lǐng)一換再換,從歐文·麥克道爾到喬治·麥克萊倫再到安布羅斯·伯恩塞德,后來又換成喬·胡克,再后來到喬治·米德。后來,聯(lián)邦軍在弗雷特里克斯堡和錢瑟勒斯維爾戰(zhàn)役中取得了勝利。繼而兩軍在賓夕法尼亞的葛底斯堡偶然相遇,改變了戰(zhàn)爭的局勢。

The armies first clashed on July 1, 1863, near Gettysburg, and the battle lasted for three days. The Union army, commanded by General Meade, held Cemetery Ridge and managed to hold off the Confederates. General Lee felt that one grand rush might break the Union army's spirit. On July 3, he ordered George Pickett and his 15,000 men to charge the Union line. About 7,000 men were lost in the attempt. On July 4, the Confederates began to retreat, but again Meade failed to attack them, and Lincoln was again disappointed. Casualties on both sides totaled at least 47,000 men.

雙方于1863年7月1日在葛底斯堡附近開戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)斗持續(xù)了三天。聯(lián)邦軍當(dāng)時的指揮官是米德將軍,他攻占了墓園山脊,并成功拖住了南方邦聯(lián)軍。李將軍認(rèn)為再來一次大的突擊就能擊垮聯(lián)邦軍的士氣。7月3日,他命令喬治·皮克特將軍和他的15,000名士兵進攻聯(lián)邦軍隊,只是這一次戰(zhàn)爭邦聯(lián)軍損失了7,000兵力。7月4日,他們開始撤退,可是米德將軍錯失良機,沒有及時進攻敵軍,這讓林肯再一次陷入絕望。葛底斯堡戰(zhàn)役傷亡慘重,雙方傷亡人數(shù)至少有47,000。

Also on July 4, 1863, General Ulysses Grant was able to force the surrender of the besieged city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Finally, Lincoln had found a man who could produce victory. Grant was appointed general in chief of the Union army. Grand and soldiers such as William T. Sherman and Phil Sheridan began pushing the Southern armies relentlessly. After bloody battles in Virginia's wilderness, at Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor, and Sherman's march through Georgia, the war stalled in a siege of Petersburg, Virginia. In April 1865, Lee's army abandoned Petersburg and Richmond and moved to the interior of Virginia. Grant's army soon caught up with them, and Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.

1863年7月4日,尤利西斯·格蘭特將軍包圍了密西西比維克斯堡,迫使邦聯(lián)軍投降。林肯終于找到了能夠制敵的將領(lǐng)。他任命格蘭特為聯(lián)邦軍的總指揮。格蘭特和他的士兵們,如威廉·T.謝爾曼和菲爾·謝里登開始無情地進攻南部邦聯(lián)。在經(jīng)歷了弗吉尼亞莽原戰(zhàn)役、斯波特瑟爾韋尼亞戰(zhàn)役和冷港戰(zhàn)役等血腥之戰(zhàn)后, 謝爾曼挺進喬治亞州。在包圍了弗吉尼亞的彼特斯堡,戰(zhàn)爭告一段落了。1865年,李的軍隊放棄了彼特斯堡和里士滿,向弗吉尼亞的中心地帶挺進。格蘭特的軍隊奮起直追,不久就追上了他們。1865年4月9日,在弗吉尼亞的阿波馬托克斯縣府李將軍正式投降。

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