名師總結(jié)十六句口訣根治“語(yǔ)法病”
一、不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的四種情況
不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)情況復(fù)雜多變,不少學(xué)習(xí)者感到頗為“鬧心”。它們是各類考試的重心,也是中國(guó)學(xué)生丟分的“重災(zāi)區(qū)”。其癥結(jié)在于考生拿不準(zhǔn)到底哪些動(dòng)詞必須以動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ);哪些動(dòng)詞必須以不定式作賓語(yǔ);有些動(dòng)詞既可以動(dòng)名詞賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ),意思基本不變;有些動(dòng)詞既可以動(dòng)名詞賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ),意思卻不同?
口訣1:有些動(dòng)詞須以動(dòng)名詞賓語(yǔ),它們可用“MP\4r\ café\ disk”來(lái)記,即“憲兵帶著4把手槍在咖啡館里看光盤”(把字母r想象成手槍)。
"M"指mind, miss, mention
例:When I mention playing football, he says he's too busy.
"P"指prevent, permit, postpone, pardon, practice
例:We don't permit smoking in the office.
"4R"指risk, resist, resent,resume
例:Informing the truth risks destroying the patients’ hope.
"c" 指consider, contemplate
例:I don't contemplate (預(yù)料) him opposing my plan.
"a"指admit, avoid, appreciate, anticipate
例:We anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture.
"f"指face, fancy, finish
"e"指excuse, enjoy, escape
例:He escaped being punished.
"d"指delay, defer, deny, dispute(不同意), detest(痛恨)
"i"指imagine, involve
"s"指suggest
"k"指keep
口訣2:有些動(dòng)詞必須以不定式作賓語(yǔ),它們是:三w 、h c ,五a領(lǐng)著四d 、p, 一r m二l、b, 接不定式o, u, e。
它包括了三個(gè)以w開頭的單詞,三個(gè)以h開頭的單詞,三個(gè)以c開頭的單詞,五個(gè)以a開頭的單詞,分別以d 、p開頭的單詞各四個(gè),分別以l、b開頭的單詞各兩個(gè),分別以r, m, o, u, e開頭的單詞各一個(gè)。
注:3 w、 hc是want, wish, wait和 hope , help, hesitate以及care, choose, consent
例:He hesitated to buy the coat.
"二l、b"是learn, long:和beg, bear.
例:I can’t bear him to deceive me.
I long to go abroad.
"五a"是: agree, ask., afford, arrange, attempt
"四d"是dare , demand, determine, decide,
"四p"是 plan, pretend, promise, prepare
以r, m, o, u, e開頭的五個(gè)單詞分別是refuse ,manage ,offer, undertake, expect
口訣3:有16個(gè)動(dòng)詞既可以動(dòng)名詞賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ),意思基本不變。因?yàn)榻觿?dòng)名詞、不定式均可,情況又變得簡(jiǎn)單起來(lái),只需記住一句話就行,即:雙方一旦開始(begin, start, ),無(wú)論喜歡(like, prefer )與否(hate, dislike),都得繼續(xù)(continue)下去。都不能打算(intend,attempt, propose)忽視(neglect)開始(commence)的愛(ài)(love)。習(xí)慣(be accustom to)也好,害怕(afraid to do \ of doing)也好,難以容忍( can’t bear)也好。(參見(jiàn)Michael Swan:《英語(yǔ)用法指南》第339條)
例:He is accustom to work \to working hard.
口訣4:有9個(gè)動(dòng)詞既可以動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ),意思卻不同:remember、forget, try、mean、stop、regret,want、 need、require 。
注:remember to do sth.指記?。▌e忘記)要做某事,remember doing sth.記得(回憶起)曾做過(guò)某事;forget to do sth指忘了要做某事,forget doing sth.忘了要做某事;try to do sth指試圖做某事,try doing sth.試試看(試過(guò));mean to do sth指打算,有意圖,mean doing sth.意味著,就是;stop to do sth停下來(lái)做某事,此為目的狀語(yǔ),stop doing sth.停止做某事。Regret to do sth對(duì)現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示“遺憾”,regret doing sth.對(duì)發(fā)生過(guò)的事表示“后悔”。want to do sth指希望,想要;want doing sth.需要,該;need\ require to do sth都是需要require\need doing sth.該都是動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)。因這9個(gè)單詞既可接不定式,又可接動(dòng)名詞,我們比之為“九條兩頭蛇?!?/p>
二、時(shí)態(tài)一致原則
英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)一致也叫時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。指在復(fù)合句中某些從句(主要是賓語(yǔ)從句等名詞從句)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)往往受主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)的影響,因此,須保持主從兩部分從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一致。這對(duì)許多中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),又是一道“八卦陣”。主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去時(shí)。情況可分5種:
口訣5:一般/進(jìn)行時(shí)間同,后主將來(lái)先完成。真理不受時(shí)間限,具體時(shí)間過(guò)去從。
注:“一般/進(jìn)行時(shí)間同”,指從句用了一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),表示從句與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:I explained to them my friend knew no French. He wondered what the boys were doing there.
"后主將來(lái)”指從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作“后于”主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作,從句須用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí);“先完成”指從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作“先于”主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作,從句須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:The Swede was warned that Napoleon would probably ask him 3 questions. I asked him where he had been.
“真理不受時(shí)間限”指如從句表述的是客觀真理,即便是主句用的是過(guò)去時(shí),從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例:Copernicus discovered that Earth revolves around the sun.
“具體時(shí)間過(guò)去從”指從句中有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),從句要用一般過(guò)去時(shí),即便是從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前也如此。如: She said she was born in 1980.
在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞中,who指人,which指物,that既可指人也可指物。指人時(shí)who比that用的多一些,指物時(shí)which比that用的多一些。什么時(shí)候一定用that呢?這是學(xué)習(xí)者必須要解決的問(wèn)題。
口訣6:鎖定 that
The only, the very,The same, no 、any, 兩項(xiàng)并列人與物,不定、序數(shù)、最高級(jí)。
注:前兩句指先行詞前有The only, the very, the same, no , any修飾時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一定用that。例:That’s the only thing that we can do at the moment.
“兩項(xiàng)并列人與物”,指先行詞為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別表示人和物的詞時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一定用that。例:They talked about the countries and people that they had visited
“不定、序數(shù)、最高級(jí)”指先行詞是不定代詞時(shí),或先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一定用that。
例:Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?
The best materials that you should recite are your texts.
口訣7:鎖定Whether
主語(yǔ)從句用Whether,賓語(yǔ)從句or not,不定式前介詞后,取代if別條件。
例:Whether there’ll be seats left it is doubtful.
It depends on whether he is ready.
口訣8:祝愿句、感嘆句,only 、so 、 as;開始為副詞,否定句首時(shí)。
注:倒裝句是將謂語(yǔ)的一部分或全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。在only 、so 、 as 中,only指only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí),形成倒裝。如:Only then did I know the importance of learning English .
so指在以so開頭的句子中,表示一種情況也適應(yīng)于另一人或物。如:You can keep the secret, so can I.
(如后面的句子單純重復(fù)前一句子,則不倒裝。如:It’s cold today, so it is.)
as指當(dāng) as作“雖然”解的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,造成倒裝。如:Child as she is, she knows a lot about the world.
“開始為副詞”指以here, there, then, now或out, up, down, away等開頭的句子,這種倒裝多見(jiàn)于描述性的文體。如:There comes a bus. Out rushed a train from the cave.
“否定句首時(shí)”指否定副詞或否定連詞置于句首時(shí)。如:Not until you told me did I know the fact. Not only can he speak English but also his daughter.