句子簡(jiǎn)化題（Sentence Simplification Questions）是新托福閱讀考試每次常考的題型，但并不是每篇文章都會(huì)考到這種題型，而且一篇文章中最多只會(huì)有一道此題型。

問(wèn)題形式

需要簡(jiǎn)化的句子在文章中會(huì)用陰影標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)，然后在題目中考生會(huì)被問(wèn)到：

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

解題步驟

建議考生在做句子簡(jiǎn)化題時(shí)可按照以下步驟：

1. 看題干，確定題目類(lèi)型。

2. 仔細(xì)研讀文章中有標(biāo)識(shí)的句子

3. 根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)和關(guān)聯(lián)詞把句子按意群拆分為幾部分。

4. 如果標(biāo)識(shí)的句子涉及該句子以外的信息，則需要讀句子周?chē)纳舷挛摹?/p>

5. 研究選項(xiàng)，排除確定錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。

錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)通常為：

1. 和原句意思不同

2. 根據(jù)原句可以推斷出它不正確

3. 忽略了原句中的重要信息

4. 加入了原句中沒(méi)有的信息或觀點(diǎn)

注意：

1. 正確選項(xiàng)可以采用和原句不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或者它可以把從句順序打亂

2. 正確選項(xiàng)中會(huì)用到同義詞或者其他表達(dá)方式來(lái)表達(dá)與原句相同的觀點(diǎn)

3. 標(biāo)識(shí)出來(lái)的句子中的代詞或者其他指示性單詞可能指代前面句子的內(nèi)容，正確選項(xiàng)中可能會(huì)用其所指代的內(nèi)容來(lái)代替該詞。

以下將列舉一些真題來(lái)具體說(shuō)明，如：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, through, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover...

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解析：本題中句子的主語(yǔ)為“the extreme seriousness of desertification”，賓語(yǔ)為“the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process”。整個(gè)句子意為：沙漠化的嚴(yán)重性主要是由于所影響的土地面積廣，人口數(shù)量大，以及逆轉(zhuǎn)或者減慢這一進(jìn)程的困難大。

第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容和原文內(nèi)容恰恰是同義替換；而第二選項(xiàng)中的“because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land”和原文中的意思不同；第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中“The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort”是關(guān)于解決辦法的，原文沒(méi)有提及；第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的“unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected”原文中也并未提及。正確答案即為第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

…Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine –a projector-from him instead of several.

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

○ Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.?

○ Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines ?he could sell.

○ Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

解析：文中陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的句子意思為“他拒絕發(fā)展投影技術(shù)，原因是如果他制作并且賣(mài)投影儀的話(huà)，參展商們就會(huì)從他那只買(mǎi)一個(gè)機(jī)器即投影儀而不是幾個(gè)機(jī)器?！倍x項(xiàng)中第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)講“愛(ài)迪生對(duì)發(fā)展各種各樣的機(jī)器更感興趣，而不是發(fā)展以一個(gè)機(jī)器為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)”，該信息在原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子中并未提及。第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)中“愛(ài)迪生拒絕發(fā)展投影技術(shù)是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為參展商們不會(huì)用新機(jī)器代替他們的投影儀”，該信息和原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子的信息不符。第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)“愛(ài)迪生不想發(fā)展投影技術(shù)，因?yàn)樗拗屏怂苜u(mài)的機(jī)器的數(shù)量”，該信息和原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子中的信息一致，為正確答案。第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)“愛(ài)迪生不會(huì)發(fā)展投影技術(shù)除非參展商同意從他那買(mǎi)多于一個(gè)投影儀”該信息和原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子的信息不符。

The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.

○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.

○ People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.

○ People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.

解析：原文中陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的句子意為“例如，那些相信侵略是必要的和合理的，就如戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，的人們可能會(huì)有侵略行為，然而那些相信某場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或侵略行為是不公正的或者認(rèn)為侵略從來(lái)都是不合理的人們就不太可能有侵略的行為”。第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)“那些認(rèn)為自己在進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)正義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的人們會(huì)有侵略行為，而那些不認(rèn)為自己在進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)正義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的人則不會(huì)”，該信息和原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子中信息不符。第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)“那些認(rèn)為侵略是必要和合理的人比那些有不同看法的人更可能有侵略行為”，該信息和原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子的信息一致，為正確答案。第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)“那些平時(shí)認(rèn)為侵略不是必要的和合理的人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期可能有侵略行為”該信息在原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)句子中未提及。第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)“那些相信侵略是必要和合理的人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)不一定會(huì)有侵略行為”該信息原文陰影標(biāo)識(shí)的句子中未提及。