滬江英語(yǔ) > 英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài) > 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)(亦可以說(shuō)是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由had加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。

1.1 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
肯定句:主語(yǔ) + had + 過(guò)去分詞...
否定句:主語(yǔ) + had + not + 過(guò)去分詞...
疑問(wèn)句:Had + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞...?
疑問(wèn)代詞/疑問(wèn)副詞 + had + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞...?

過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1.2 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的肯定句
句型:主語(yǔ) + had + 過(guò)去分詞...
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的肯定句由助動(dòng)詞had加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成:

He had already been to New York earlier in the week.本周早些時(shí)候他去過(guò)紐約。
Jane had just left when you rang.你打電話時(shí)簡(jiǎn)剛走。

1.3 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的否定句
句型:主語(yǔ) + had + not + 過(guò)去分詞...
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的否定句是在助動(dòng)詞had后加not,之后是過(guò)去分詞:

At that time we hadn't met her.那時(shí)我們還沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到她。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.這個(gè)國(guó)家尚未從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響下復(fù)原。


1.4 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句
一般疑問(wèn)句句型:Had + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞...?
回答方式:Yes,主語(yǔ) + had.
No,主語(yǔ) + had + not.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句是將助動(dòng)詞had置于主語(yǔ)之前(大寫had的第一個(gè)字母),在句尾加問(wèn)號(hào);這種語(yǔ)序是倒裝語(yǔ)序:

I visited the museum yesterday.—Had you visited it before? —Yes,I had./No,I hadn't.昨天我參觀了這個(gè)博物館。——你以前參觀過(guò)這個(gè)博物館嗎? ——是,我去過(guò)。/沒(méi)有,我以前沒(méi)有去過(guò)。

1.5 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
1.表示較早的過(guò)去

表示較早的過(guò)去,即某一時(shí)刻之前已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài):
In 1980,I'd never been to Paris.(=I never went there before1980.)1980年之前我從未去過(guò)巴黎。
After we had landed,the plane was searched thoroughly.我們降落后,飛機(jī)被徹底搜查了一遍。
When she heard that her father had died in the accident,she burst out crying.當(dāng)她聽(tīng)說(shuō)她父親在那次事故中喪生時(shí)便大哭起來(lái)。
2.用于間接引語(yǔ)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的作用有時(shí)完全相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的過(guò)去形式,在間接引語(yǔ)中多有這種情況:
Helen said(that)she had moved to another flat.海倫說(shuō)她已搬 到另一套房間去了。
He said he had been there before.他說(shuō)他曾經(jīng)去過(guò)那里。
3.用于賓語(yǔ)從句
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的用法,多見(jiàn)于賓語(yǔ)從句。一般說(shuō)來(lái),主句中用了know(知道),realize(意識(shí)到),think(認(rèn)為),suppose(猜想),guess(推測(cè)),find(找到),discover(發(fā)現(xiàn)),decide(決定),remember(想起),forget(忘記)等動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí),如果賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作,通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí):
We realized we had lost our way.我們意識(shí)到我們迷路了。
I didn't think to ask her if she had passed her examination.我沒(méi)有想問(wèn)她是否考試及格了。
4.強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的完成
I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had col-lected more than 2000.我從2月份開(kāi)始集郵,到11月已收集到2000多枚。
By six o'clock they had worked for8hours.到6點(diǎn)鐘他們已經(jīng)工作了8小時(shí)了。(可能還沒(méi)結(jié)束)
5.用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的這一用法,常見(jiàn)于以if only等引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:
If only we had listened to their advice! 我們要是聽(tīng)了他們的意見(jiàn)就好了!
If only you had worked with greater care! 你要是更仔細(xì)一些該多好!
Would that we had seen her before she died.要是在她去世之前我們能見(jiàn)她一面該有多好。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的這一用法還見(jiàn)于構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件從句和I wish...(我希望……),I’d rather...(我寧愿……)后的that-從句:
I'd rather you hadn't been present.我寧愿你當(dāng)時(shí)不在場(chǎng)。
If I had asked for directions,I wouldn't have gotten lost.如果我問(wèn)一下路,就不會(huì)迷失方向了。

6.表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算和意圖
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖,只適用于下列動(dòng)詞:expect(期待),hope(希望),intend(打算),mean(打算),suppose(料想),think(認(rèn)為),want(想要)等:
We had hoped that you would be able to visit us.我們?cè)鞠M銜?huì)來(lái)拜訪我們。
I had meant to take a good holiday this year,but I was not able to leave.我本打算今年好好去度假,只是脫不開(kāi)身。
7.與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以是already(已經(jīng)),yet(仍然),still(還),just(剛剛),hardly...when(剛……就),scarcely...before(剛……就),ever(曾經(jīng)),never(從來(lái)沒(méi)有)等,也可以是by(不遲于),before(在……之前),until(直到),as soon as(一……就)等引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句:
When I came back at midnight she still hadn't finished.我半夜回來(lái)時(shí),她還沒(méi)有做完。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.比賽剛剛開(kāi)始就下起雨來(lái)。
By Tuesday he hadn't done it.到星期二他還沒(méi)有做完。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)