過去完成進(jìn)行時表示在過去較早的時間內(nèi)進(jìn)行的動作,并對過去某一刻的動作或狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。過去完成進(jìn)行時由had been加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
1.1 過去完成進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成
肯定句:主語 + had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...
疑問句:疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + had + 主語 + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...?
1.2 過去完成進(jìn)行時的肯定句
句型:主語 + had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...
過去完成進(jìn)行時的肯定句由“助動詞had + been(been為be動詞的過去分詞) + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成:
She was tired. She had been working all day.她很累了。她整天都在工作。
When I first met Jane,she had been working in that school for10years.我第一次遇到簡的時候,她已在那所學(xué)校干了10年了。
1.3 過去完成進(jìn)行時的特殊疑問句
句型:疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + had + 主語 + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞...?
過去完成進(jìn)行時的特殊疑問句是將疑問代詞/疑問副詞置于助動詞had之前(had的第一個字母無需大寫),和一般疑問句差不多;這種語序是倒裝語序。就主語提問時,將疑問代詞或帶有疑問限定詞的名詞詞組置于助動詞had之前,在句尾加問號;這種語序是陳述句語序:
How long had it been raining before you shut the window? 你關(guān)窗戶之前雨下了多久了?
1.4 過去完成進(jìn)行時的用法
1.表示過去某時以前持續(xù)的動作
過去完成進(jìn)行時的主要特點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的主要特點(diǎn)基本相似,只是時間推移到了過去:
I was tired that day,because I had been working all day.我那天累了,我干了一整天的活。
His eyes were red. It was obvious that he had been working too hard.他眼睛紅了,顯然是前一段時間他工作太緊張了。
過去完成進(jìn)行時表示一個動作從過去某時開始,一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻,到那個時刻,該動作可能剛剛終止,也可能還在繼續(xù):
At last they got the information they had been expecting.最后他們得到了盼望得到的信息。(剛剛終止)
When I got home,I found that Jack had been working on his home-work.當(dāng)我回家時,發(fā)現(xiàn)杰克在做作業(yè)。(可能還在繼續(xù))
過去完成進(jìn)行時表示一個動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,但其結(jié)果仍影響到過去某一時刻:
It had been snowing for several days. The ground was all covered with snow.接連下了幾天的雪,地上到處是積雪。
某些表示持續(xù)動作的動詞如work(工作),teach(教授),study(學(xué)習(xí)),sing(演唱)等,在與表示一段時間的狀語連用時,可用過去完成進(jìn)行時和過去完成時,表示一個動作一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻,但前者更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性和不間斷性:
I'd been studying for2hours when he called.他打電話來的時候,我持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)了兩個小時。
I'd studied for2hours when he called.他打電話來的時候,我已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩個小時了。
2.用于得出結(jié)論
過去完成進(jìn)行時可以表示根據(jù)直接或間接的證據(jù)而得出結(jié)論:
His eyes were red. It was obvious that he had been working too hard.他的眼睛紅了,顯然前一段時間他工作太緊張了。
3.用于間接引語
They said they had been having a match with Class One.他們說剛才和1班進(jìn)行了一場比賽。
這個時態(tài)的用法可以下圖表示: