Section(B)
The Chunnel
Queen Elizabeth and French President Francois Mitterrand will ride a train downward into the $15 billion Channel Tunnel today, crossing the English Channel by land for the first time since it was a marsh 8,000 years ago.
Common people still have to fly, take a boat, or swim.
Though today is the official opening ceremony, visitors are still excluded from the most enormous privately funded construction project ever. No one can ride through the tunnel yet: neither the people who own stock in the company, nor the officers of the 220 banks that provided history's biggest loan, nor the 3,000 journalists trying to imagine three parallel tunnels beneath 100 feet of water and 130 feet of clay.
When it really opens, probably in October, the 31-mile Channel Tunnel (the Chunnel, for short) will be 15 months behind schedule and $7 billion over a budget set in 1987. That's when workmen using huge machines began clawing out 1,000 tons of clay every half hour as they bored from England to France. The main causes of recent delays have been linking two very different railroad systems. And security: how to make such a big target attack-proof. Officials won't tell reporters the time at which the queen and president will make their trip.
People on both sides of the English Channel are proud of the engineering achievement. But most wonder if it's worth it given their respective lack of affection for each other. "If they had linked us to Spain, that would have been more use to us now, wouldn't it?" says one man from London. Spain is a favorite vacation destination for the British. He laughs when a film about the Chunnel says it will make the British feel more European.
"Only advertising," he says. "The British will never feel European."
The Kingdom of England has been trying to conquer, or defend itself from, Europe for 1,000 years. If not for the channel, England or France surely would have swallowed the other. "A whole generation still remembers when only 21 miles stood between Hitler and the conquest of England," says a professor of English history.
Although Britain and France both use the metric system and the same electrical voltage (220 volts), it sometimes seems as if they have little else in common. The British and the French rarely marry each other. The French remain afraid that their language will die out. The British think a sick animal will drag itself through the tunnel and introduce the island nation to new diseases.
The differences go on.
Upon leaving Paris, trains will whistle along at an approximate speed of 186 miles per hour until they go underground, but will creep along as slow as 50 miles per hour behind local trains the last 68 miles to London. Britain won't improve its system until after the year 2000, spurring Mitterrand to joke that passengers will have " plenty of time for sightseeing ".
Time across the channel: 35 minutes compared to 90 minutes by sea. Total travel time, including getting on and off the train: 1 hour, 35 minutes.
The idea of linking England to the European mainland by tunneling beneath the channel goes back to 1802 when an engineer suggested it to Napoleon. Napoleon was too busy and dozens of other efforts were abandoned including serious ones in 1884, 1923, and 1974. The British were too worried about invasion.
The Chunnel will transport about 7 million passengers a year. Among them will be those who would have flown between London and Paris. If you take the Chunnel, it's about the same time as flying: three hours. It now takes more than six hours by rail and boat. Trains are more punctual, as they're not delayed by bad weather. Fares have not been set, but they're expected to be about the same as boat and airline service.
Experts say airlines will be big losers. London-Paris is by far the busiest international airline route in the world. More than 3 million people fly between the cities yearly, compared to 2.2 million between London and New York. Rail freight will begin quietly sometime in June. Eventually, the equivalent of 700,000 trucks a year will be transported through the Chunnel.
One thing that is left to the British to pray is to eliminate violence.
In March, an unexploded bomb was found on the railroad tracks between London and the Chunnel. One newspaper reported that Chunnel delays have been the result of faulty alarms, and only "partially successful" escape procedures. Another newspaper reported a major security failure last year. The company that operates the Chunnel issued press releases accusing the reports of being inaccurate. But they have provided no details about the state of security.
The key to escape is the smaller tunnel that runs between the two train tunnels. Doors connect the train tunnels to the smaller tunnel every quarter mile and provide escape routes. Each train has two engines, in case one fails. A $3.6 million police station will have the most up-to-date equipment and 99 police officers.
Engineers say a disaster is unlikely in the Chunnel because it wouldn't be flooded by a bomb. The tunnel is too far beneath the sea floor. But that doesn't satisfy some who still believe it is likely to be attacked and should never have been built. One pessimistic visitor shrugged and said, "I reckon it's just a matter of time before someone has a try, isn't it?"
Words: 907
New Words
downward(s) ad. 1.向下地 2.朝下
a. 向下的，下行的
ceremony n. 1.典禮，儀式 2.禮節(jié)，禮儀
exclude vt. 不包括，把... ...排除在外
journalist n. 新聞工作者，新聞記者
beneath prep. 1.在... ...下方，往... ...下面 2.不值得，與... ...不相稱
ad. 在下方，在底下
clay n. 粘土，陶土
workman n. 工匠，手藝人
claw v. （用爪）抓，撕
n. （動物的）爪，腳爪
bore v. 1.鉆孔，挖洞，鑿井 2.使厭煩
n. 令人厭煩的人或事
reporter n. 記者
respective a. 各自的，各個的；分別的
kingdom n. 1.王國 2.領域
conquer vt. 1.征服，攻克 2.克服；制伏 3.征服，贏得
conquest n. 征服；克服；掠取物；征服的土地(或人們)
metric a. 公制的，米制的
voltage n. 電壓
volt n. （電壓單位）伏（特）
drag vt. 1.拖，用力拉 2.迫使，硬拉
vi. 拖沓，拖延
whistle vi. 吹口哨，鳴汽笛
n. 哨子聲，口哨聲
approximate a. 近乎準確的，大概的，近似的
v. 大約，近似
underground ad. 1.在地面下，在地下 2.秘密地，不公開地
a. 秘密的，地下的
creep vi. 匍匐移動，爬行
spur vt. 激勵，鞭策，促進
n. 刺激物；激勵
sightseeing n. 游覽，觀光
mainland n. 大陸
invasion n. 入侵，侵略；侵犯
punctual a. 準時的，守時的
freight n. 貨物，貨運
sometime ad. 在將來或過去的某個時候
equivalent n. 相等物，等價物；意義相同的詞
a. 相等的；等值的，相當?shù)?br> pray v. 祈禱，祈求，懇求
faulty a. 有錯誤的，有缺點的，不完善的
failure n. 1.失敗 2.失敗的人（或事）
accuse vt. 譴責，控告
up-to-date a. 現(xiàn)代化的，最新的
pessimistic a. 悲觀的，悲觀主義的
shrug v. 聳肩
reckon v. 1.認為，估計 2.測算，猜想
Phrases and Expressions
by land 從陸路
exclude sb. from 拒絕進入，拒絕接納
for short 簡稱，縮寫
behind schedule 比預定計劃（時間）晚
if not for 要不是
have sth. in common 有共同之處
die out 消亡；逐漸滅絕
drag through （使）緩慢地通過
introduce sb. to sth. 使某人了解某物
go back to 回溯，追溯
by far ……得多；最……；顯然
accuse sb./sth. of 譴責，控告
in case 免得，以防
a matter of time （某事肯定發(fā)生）只是時間問題而已
Proper Names
Chunnel (英吉利)海峽隧道
Queen Elizabeth 英國女王伊麗莎白二世
Francois Mitterrand 弗朗索瓦·密特朗（法國前總統(tǒng)）
Channel Tunnel 英吉利海峽隧道
English Channel 英吉利海峽
European 歐洲的
Europe 歐洲
Napoleon 拿破侖（1769 - 1821，法蘭西第一帝國(1804 - 1814)和百日王朝 (1815) 皇帝，滑鐵盧戰(zhàn)役慘敗后被流放于圣赫勒拿島。）