（二）人造地球衛(wèi)星

Man-made satellites

1、對地觀測衛(wèi)星。“風(fēng)云”“海洋”“資源”“高分”“遙感”“天繪”等衛(wèi)星系列和“環(huán)境與災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)報小衛(wèi)星星座”進一步完善。“風(fēng)云”系列氣象衛(wèi)星已形成極軌衛(wèi)星上、下午星組網(wǎng)觀測，靜止衛(wèi)星“多星在軌、統(tǒng)籌運行、互為備份、適時加密”的業(yè)務(wù)格局。“海洋二號”衛(wèi)星實現(xiàn)對海面高度、海浪和海面風(fēng)場等海洋動力參數(shù)的全天時、全天候、高精度綜合觀測?！百Y源一號”02C星成功發(fā)射、“資源三號”01、02立體測繪衛(wèi)星實現(xiàn)雙星組網(wǎng)和業(yè)務(wù)化運行。高分辨率對地觀測系統(tǒng)建設(shè)全面推進，“高分二號”衛(wèi)星實現(xiàn)亞米級光學(xué)遙感探測，“高分三號”合成孔徑雷達衛(wèi)星分辨率達到1米，“高分四號”衛(wèi)星是中國首顆地球同步軌道高分辨率對地觀測衛(wèi)星。“環(huán)境與災(zāi)害監(jiān)測預(yù)報小衛(wèi)星星座”C星投入運行。采用星箭一體化設(shè)計的“快舟一號”“快舟二號”成功發(fā)射，提升了空間應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力?！凹忠惶枴备叻直媛噬虡I(yè)遙感衛(wèi)星成功發(fā)射并投入商業(yè)運營。

(1) Earth observation satellites. The function of the Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), Gaofen (High Resolution), Yaogan (Remote-Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series and constellation of small satellites for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting has been improved. The Fengyun polar orbit meteorological satellite has succeeded in networking observation by morning and afternoon satellites, while its geostationary earth orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite has formed a business mode of “multi-satellites in orbit, coordinated operation, mutual backup and encryption at the appropriate time.” The Haiyang-2 satellite is capable of all-weather, full-time and high-accuracy observation of marine dynamic parameters such as sea height, sea wave and sea surface wind. The Ziyuan-1 02C satellite was launched, the Ziyuan-3 01 and 02 stereo mapping satellites have achieved double star networking and operating. The China High-resolution Earth Observation System program has been fully implemented; the Gaofen-2 is capable of sub-meter optical remote-sensing observation, the Gaofen-3 has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging instrument that is accurate to one meter and the Gaofen-4 is China’s first geosynchronous orbit high-resolution earth observation satellite. Satellite C of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation has been put into use. The successful launching of the Kuaizhou-1 and Kuaizhou-2, which adopted integrated design of the satellite and the launch vehicle, has improved China’s emergency response capability in space. The Jilin-1, a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite for commercial use has been launched and put into service.

2、通信廣播衛(wèi)星。全面推進固定通信、移動通信、數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)建設(shè)。“亞太”“中星”等系列通信衛(wèi)星成功發(fā)射，固定業(yè)務(wù)衛(wèi)星通信保障體系基本建成，覆蓋中國國土及全球重點地區(qū)。首顆移動通信衛(wèi)星“天通一號”成功發(fā)射。建成由三顆“天鏈一號”衛(wèi)星組成的第一代數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)。星地激光鏈路高速通信試驗取得圓滿成功?！皷|方紅五號”超大型通信衛(wèi)星平臺研制進展順利。

(2) Communications and broadcasting satellites. China has comprehensively advanced the construction of fixed, mobile and data relay satellite systems. The successful launch of communications satellites such as Yatai and Zhongxing represented the completion of a fixed communications satellite support system whose communications services cover all of China’s territory as well as major areas of the world. The Tiantong-1, China’s first mobile communications satellite, has been successfully launched. The first-generation data relay satellite system composed of three Tianlian-1 satellites has been completed, and high-speed communication test of satellite-ground laser link has been crowned with success. In addition, the development of the DFH-5 super communications satellite platform is going smoothly.

3、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星。北斗二號系統(tǒng)全面建成，完成14顆北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星發(fā)射組網(wǎng)，正式向亞太地區(qū)用戶提供定位、測速、授時、廣域差分和短報文通信服務(wù)。北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)正在順利推進。

(3) Navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (Beidou-2) has been completed, with the networking of 14 Beidou navigation satellites, officially offering positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide area difference and short-message communication service to customers in the Asia-Pacific region. Beidou’s global satellite navigation system is undergoing smooth construction.

4、新技術(shù)試驗衛(wèi)星。成功發(fā)射“實踐九號”系列衛(wèi)星等技術(shù)試驗衛(wèi)星，為新技術(shù)驗證提供了重要手段。

(4) New technological test satellites. China has launched the Shijian-9 satellite series for technological experiments, providing an important way to test new technologies.

（三）載人航天

Manned spaceflight

2012年6月和2013年6月，“神舟九號”和“神舟十號”載人飛船先后成功發(fā)射，與“天宮一號”目標(biāo)飛行器分別實施自動和手控交會對接，標(biāo)志著中國全面突破了空間交會對接技術(shù)，載人天地往返運輸系統(tǒng)首次應(yīng)用性飛行取得圓滿成功。2016年9月和10月，“天宮二號”空間實驗室和“神舟十一號”載人飛船先后成功發(fā)射，形成組合體并穩(wěn)定運行，開展了較大規(guī)模的空間科學(xué)實驗與技術(shù)試驗，突破掌握了航天員中期駐留、地面長時間任務(wù)支持和保障等技術(shù)。目前，中國已突破掌握載人天地往返、空間出艙、空間交會對接、組合體運行、航天員中期駐留等載人航天領(lǐng)域重大技術(shù)。

In June 2012 and June 2013, the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft were launched to dock with the target spacecraft Tiangong-1. They used manual and automatic operations respectively, symbolizing breakthroughs for China in spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology and full success in its first operation of a manned space transportation system. In September and October 2016, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft were launched and formed an assembly that operates steadily, with the mission of carrying out science and technology experiments in space, indicating that China has mastered technologies concerning astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit, and long-term ground mission support. Currently, China has mastered major space technologies such as manned space transportation, space extravehicular activity, space docking, operating in assembly and astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit.