在官方公布的寫作評(píng)分描述中有一項(xiàng)Coherence and Cohesion。這一項(xiàng)是涉及要點(diǎn)最多,卻最為廣大教學(xué)工作者和學(xué)生所忽視的一項(xiàng)。該項(xiàng)目涉及三大要點(diǎn)文章信息點(diǎn)安排(information and ideas organization)、銜接手段(cohesive device)分段(paragraphing)。其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的評(píng)分描述中被重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)。

本文將重點(diǎn)關(guān)注該項(xiàng)目中所提到的Cohesive Device:(銜接手段)。

Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二條原文:

Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use

6分第二條原文為:

Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;

6分第三條提到:

May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately

與之對(duì)應(yīng)的5分第二條為:

Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices

5分第三條為:

May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution

由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing(指代關(guān)系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(銜接手段)的表現(xiàn),而且是確定分值的重要參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

那么這里反復(fù)提到的Cohesive Device(銜接手段)究竟是什么呢?

專家認(rèn)為Cohesive Device:(銜接手段)主要指能使信息的邏輯關(guān)系更清晰的各種英語(yǔ)字符。

邏輯關(guān)系主要涉及:并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系和舉列。

具體來(lái)看,可分成以下三類:

Lexical aspect:(詞匯方面)

Linking word(連詞):

并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等

讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等

因果關(guān)系:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;

舉例:like