Social psychology is a fascinating topic that has yielded a great deal of research on how people behave in groups. In many cases, the results of several famous experiments contradict how you would expect people to act in social situations.
社會(huì)心理學(xué)是一個(gè)有趣的話題，促進(jìn)了大量關(guān)于人們?cè)趺丛趫F(tuán)體中表現(xiàn)的研究的產(chǎn)生。很多情況下，你所期望的人們?cè)谏缃粓?chǎng)合下的表現(xiàn)和那些著名的實(shí)驗(yàn)并沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生一樣的結(jié)果。
Here are ten things that you should know about social psychology：
這里有10件此類(lèi)事件你應(yīng)當(dāng)知道：

1. When a number of people witness something such as an accident, the more people that?are present the less likely it is that someone will step forward to help. This is known as the?bystander effect.
1. 當(dāng)有一堆人見(jiàn)證事故發(fā)生時(shí)，越多人在場(chǎng)，越少人會(huì)上前提供幫助。這就是著名的旁觀者效應(yīng)。

2. People will go to great, and sometimes dangerous, lengths to obey authority figures. In his famous?obedience experiments, psychologist?Stanley Milgram?found that people would be willing to deliver a potentially fatal electrical shock to another person when ordered to by the experimenters.
2. 人們傾向于服從偉人，有時(shí)甚至是危險(xiǎn)的不遺余力的去追隨那些權(quán)威人士。在著名的服從實(shí)驗(yàn)中，心理學(xué)家Stanley Milgram?發(fā)現(xiàn)人們?cè)诒粚?shí)驗(yàn)者命令后，可能會(huì)用有潛在致命性的電擊去電其他人。

3. Most people will go along with the group, even if they think the group is wrong. In Solomon Asch's?conformity experiments, people were asked to judge which was the longest of three lines. When other members of the group picked the wrong line, participants were more likely to choose the same line.
3. 很多人會(huì)服從團(tuán)隊(duì)（中的多數(shù)人），盡管他們認(rèn)為那些是錯(cuò)的。在Solomon Asch的一致性實(shí)驗(yàn)中，人們被要求去判斷三根線中最長(zhǎng)的一根。當(dāng)團(tuán)隊(duì)中的其它成員都選了錯(cuò)誤的那根線時(shí)，實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象更可能和他們做出一樣的選擇。

4. Situational variables can play a major role in our social behavior. In the?Stanford Prison Experiment, psychologist Philip Zimbardo discovered that participants would take on the roles given to them to such an extreme that the experiment had to be discontinued after just six days. Those placed in the roles of prison guards began to abuse their power, while those in the role of the prisoners became anxious and stressed.
4. 情景變量在我們的社交行為中扮演著很重要的角色。在斯坦福的監(jiān)獄實(shí)驗(yàn)中，心理學(xué)家Philip Zimbardo發(fā)現(xiàn)參與者在扮演了被分配的角色（囚徒和警衛(wèi)）后逐漸變得極端，因此實(shí)驗(yàn)不得不在六天后終止。被分配到監(jiān)獄警衛(wèi)角色的人開(kāi)始濫用權(quán)力，而扮演囚徒的人變得焦慮且壓力重重。

5. People typically look for things that confirm their existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts what they already think. This is known as?expectation confirmation.
5. 人們通常會(huì)尋找能夠確認(rèn)他們已經(jīng)存在的信念的東西，而忽略了那些和他們所認(rèn)為的相反的事情。這就是所謂的期望確認(rèn)。

6. When we categorize information about social groups, we tend to exaggerate differences between groups and minimize the differences within groups. This is part of the reason why stereotypes and?prejudice?exist.
6. 當(dāng)我們把社交群體的信息分類(lèi)時(shí)，我們傾向于夸大組間的差異并縮小組內(nèi)的差異。這也是為什么陳規(guī)和偏見(jiàn)會(huì)存在的原因之一。

7. Our?attitudes, or how we evaluate different things including people, ideas, and objects, can be both explicit and implicit. Explicit attitudes are the ones that we form consciously and of which we are fully aware. Implicit attitudes, on the other hand, form and work unconsciously yet still have a powerful influence on our behavior.
7. 我們的態(tài)度，或者說(shuō)我們是怎么衡量事物比如人，想法或者物品，是分為顯性認(rèn)識(shí)和隱性認(rèn)識(shí)的。顯性態(tài)度就是我們有意識(shí)形成并能充分感受到的。另一方面，隱性態(tài)度，是在我們無(wú)意識(shí)的情況下形成和工作的，然而對(duì)我們的行為有十分顯著的影響。

8. Our?perceptions?of other people are often based upon things such as expected roles, social norms, and social categorizations. Since we expect people who are in a certain role or part of a particular social group to behave in a particular way, our initial impressions of a person frequently rely on these mental shortcuts to make fast judgments of how we expect people to behave.
8. 我們對(duì)其他人的看法通常是在角色期望，社會(huì)規(guī)范和社會(huì)分類(lèi)的基礎(chǔ)上形成的。因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)酒谕粋€(gè)人具有某種類(lèi)型的行為方式或認(rèn)為他是某類(lèi)社交圈里的一份子，我們對(duì)他的初始印象就很大程度的依靠這樣的思維捷徑，然后才對(duì)這個(gè)人應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)男袨樽鞒隹焖倥袛唷?/div>

9. When explaining behavior, we tend to attribute our own good fortune to internal factors and negative outcomes to external forces. When it comes to other people, however, we typically attribute their actions to internal characteristics. For example, if we get a bad grade on a paper, it's the teacher's fault; if a classmate gets a bad grade, it's because he didn't study hard enough. This tendency is known as the?actor-observer bias.
9. 當(dāng)解釋?zhuān)ㄗ约旱模┬袨闀r(shí)，我們傾向于把自己的成果歸類(lèi)到內(nèi)因，并把不好的結(jié)果歸于外因作用。說(shuō)到別人時(shí)，我們又總是把他們的行為歸于內(nèi)在性格。比如，如果我考試沒(méi)考好，這是老師的錯(cuò)，如果我同學(xué)沒(méi)考好，那一定是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)。這種心理就叫行為者-旁觀者偏見(jiàn)。

10. In groups, people often go along with the majority opinion rather than cause disruption. This phenomenon is known as?groupthink?and tends to occur more frequently when group members share a great deal in common, when the group is under stress, or in the presence of a charismatic leader.
10. 在團(tuán)隊(duì)中，人們往往與大多數(shù)人的意見(jiàn)保持一致，而不是去引起混亂。這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為群體思維，在團(tuán)隊(duì)成員利益共享且團(tuán)隊(duì)面臨壓力或是在團(tuán)隊(duì)有一個(gè)極具感召力的領(lǐng)頭人存在時(shí)出現(xiàn)的極為頻繁。

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