一、概念

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的承受者?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,但主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的承受者,表示“……已經(jīng)被……”。如:

The new school has been set up.?新學(xué)校已經(jīng)建成了。

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二、形式

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的肯定式為:have/ has +been +done。如:

The experiment has been done successfully.?這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)做得很成功。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式為:have/ has +not +been +done。如:

Tom’s novel has not been published.?湯姆的小說(shuō)還沒(méi)有被出版。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句需將have /has提到主語(yǔ)的前面。如:

Has his bike been repaired??他的自行車修好了嗎?

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊疑問(wèn)句為:疑問(wèn)詞+have /has +been +done??如:

Who has been invited??誰(shuí)受到了邀請(qǐng)?

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三、注意

在使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要注意以下四點(diǎn):

1.?過(guò)去分詞前的助動(dòng)詞的形式是have /has +been,不可漏掉其中的任何一個(gè)。

【誤】Many new buildings been built since 1980.?

【正】Many new buildings have been built since 1980.?

【析】謂語(yǔ)部分結(jié)構(gòu)不全,時(shí)態(tài)部分不完整。

2.?必須表示被動(dòng)。如:

【誤】Something bad has been happened to him.?

【正】Something bad has happened to him.

【析】被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)誤用。happen為不及物動(dòng)詞,不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【誤】The door has been opened of itself.?

【正】The door has opened of itself.?

【析】有些動(dòng)詞如open,break,drop等既可以作及物動(dòng)詞,又可以作不及物動(dòng)詞,若不強(qiáng)調(diào)誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,我們通常用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。of itself意思是“自動(dòng)地”,因此,此句不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【誤】I have introduced to Mr Smith.?

【正】I have been introduced to Mr Smith (by Mr Wang).?

【析】introduce為及物動(dòng)詞,I是introduce動(dòng)作的承受者,應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

3.?由finish,buy, start, begin,post,return,borrow, join,marry,open等短暫性動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)如for four days,for a long time等連用,如需表達(dá)這樣的意思,可改變動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)。如:

【譯】:這本書(shū)買(mǎi)了多久了?

【誤】:How long has this book been bought?

【正】:How long ago was this book bought?

但這類動(dòng)詞的否定式可與since或for引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如:

No books have been bought since last week.?自上周以來(lái),沒(méi)有人來(lái)買(mǎi)過(guò)書(shū)。

4.?短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體,在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要保持完整性,不可省略短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞。如:

The orphan has been well looked after.?這個(gè)孤兒一直受到很好的照顧。