英語詞性轉(zhuǎn)換:動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
英語能夠廣泛、巧妙地通過更多的轉(zhuǎn)化, 使某一詞的詞性增加, 使語言更加簡(jiǎn)練生動(dòng), 幽默親切, 新鮮有趣。英語詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換主要在動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞三大詞類之間進(jìn)行, 而數(shù)量最多的是其他詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞和轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。
動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
現(xiàn)代英語中有不少的動(dòng)詞能不通過加詞綴和內(nèi)部曲折而直接轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞。這一點(diǎn)更能表現(xiàn)出英語的獨(dú)到之處。?
來自動(dòng)詞的名詞大多表示原來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài):
attempt (嘗試), bend (彎曲部, 曲處), cut (切口, 一切, 一刀), desire (愿望), fetch (取來), gaze (注視), haul (拉運(yùn)), laugh (大笑), want(需要) 這些由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的名詞的用途往往受到相當(dāng)?shù)南拗? 但它們能與 to have, to take, to give, to make 等動(dòng)詞連用, 構(gòu)成表示短暫或一次性動(dòng)作的習(xí)用短語。這與漢語中“等一等”,“看一看”, “瞧一瞧”, 等相似。例如:
to have a drive (chat, debate, dispute, dream, fight, quarrel, look, read, rest, ride, run, say, shave, smoke, swim, taste, try, etc.)
to give a cry (grant, shudder, start, etc.)
to make an advance, an attack, an attempt, a call (deal, demand, guess sacrifice, show, slip, study, survey, visit, etc.)
to take a glance (look, pee, rest, ride, walk, etc.)
由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的名詞可以指動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 即從事某種工作的人;
也可表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果:
I watched Dee scramble up the shallow bank, and go to the spring, where he 我看著Dee爬上淺灘, 走到噴泉邊, 然后把他捕獲的獵物(魚)放進(jìn)水里......
也能表示做動(dòng)作的工具;
還能表示動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn):
It is a period marking the 攺divide攼 between two eras of American history. (這是美國(guó)歷史上兩個(gè)時(shí)代之間的分界期。)