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委婉語是用于取代禁忌詞的另一個詞或詞組,或者用于避免提及令人感到害怕或可能引起不愉快的事物。禁忌語的形成和發(fā)展與社會風(fēng)俗、文化傳統(tǒng)、宗教信仰等有關(guān)。英語和漢語雖然存在極大差異,但在委婉語的使用上存在很多相同之處。

?一、避諱死亡

死亡,可以說是所有文化中的禁地。對于死亡的表述,不同語言都有多種委婉的表述方式。漢語中有“長眠”、“逝世、去世”、“歸西”、“了解塵緣”、“如土、歸寂”、“崩、薨”等詞,而英語也有多種表述方式“go to sleep”、“return to dust”、“pass away”、“demise”、“pay the debt of nature”等。

例1、真是“天有不測風(fēng)云,人有旦夕禍?!保巳硕紩?strong>歸了西。

譯文:Truly, Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight. Everyone will have ascended to the Western Paradise.

解析:“歸西”便是死亡的委婉語,譯為“ascended to the Western Paradise”相較于“go west”,更形象表現(xiàn)出“歸西”的因果內(nèi)涵,更利于西方讀者了解有關(guān)的宗教文化。

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例2、鳳姐兒聽了,眼圈兒紅了半天,半日方說道:“...這個年紀(jì),倘或就因這個病上怎么樣了,人還活著有什么趣兒!”

譯文:Xi- feng’?s eyes became moist. She said at last, “?but she’s only a child still. If anything should happen to her as a result of this illness, I think all the fun would go out of life!”

解析:鳳姐與秦氏關(guān)系要好,面對好友重病,鳳姐自然對“死”諱莫如深,文中的“怎么樣了”,便是死亡的委婉語。譯者采用“If anything should happen”這樣模糊的表達(dá),再現(xiàn)了原文的意圖,也突顯了鳳姐對秦氏的不忍和憐惜之情。

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例3、幾時我閉了這眼,斷了這口氣....

譯1:Once I’ve closed my eyes and breathed my last.

譯2:I’?ll be glad when I’?ve drawn my last breath and closed my old eyes for the last time.

解析:原文“閉了眼”、“斷了氣”都是死亡的委婉語。兩種譯文分別使用“closed my eyes and breathed my last”和“ drawn my last breath and closed my old eyes for the last time”都很好得再現(xiàn)了原文的含義。

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二、避諱排泄物

大多數(shù)文化都認(rèn)為分泌物和排泄物是不雅和骯臟的,對其大多采用委婉語表達(dá)。

例3、想畢,也裝作出小恭,走至外面,悄悄滴把跟寶玉的書童茗煙換到身邊,如此這般,挑撥他幾句。

譯文:He left the room on the customary excuse and quietly got hold of Mingyan, one of Baoyu’?s pages, to work on his feelings with his account of the matter.

解析:“出小恭”是古代排泄的委婉表達(dá),譯文將其翻譯為“on the customary excuse”表達(dá)人類共同生理現(xiàn)象。

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三、避諱兩性關(guān)系

相對開放的西方在兩性關(guān)系上也較為含蓄,而中國文化更加保守,兩性關(guān)系的描述更具微妙。

例4、妹妹的名聲很不好聽,連老太太、太太們都知道了,妹妹在家做女孩子兒就不干凈,又和姐夫有些首尾。

譯: There is a nasty little story going around, my dear, that you weren’t all you should have been before you were married. They say you were much too thick with Cousin Zhen.

解析:這是王熙鳳對尤二姐說的話,譯者使用“weren’t all you should have been ”,說法雖然看似委婉,但充分展現(xiàn)了鳳姐花言巧語,充滿心機(jī)的性格。即使惡事做絕,也要做得滴水不漏,好名盡得。

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例5、(賈寶玉)......說著便把夢中之事細(xì)說與襲人聽了。然后說至警幻所授云雨之情,羞得襲人掩面俯身而笑。

譯文:“It’s a long story, ”answered Baoyu, the told her his dream in full, concluding with his initiation by Disenchantment into the “sports of cloud and rain”. Xiren, hearing this, covered her face and doubled up in a fit of giggles.

解析:漢語常用生動的名詞來說明兩性之事,比如花草、楊柳、風(fēng)月等高雅詞語,但譯者將“云雨之情”譯為“sports of cloud and rain”,不免讓西方讀者一頭霧水??梢苑g為“every act of love”或“the inevitable climax”等較為委婉卻又能根據(jù)上下文理解出的短語。

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常言入鄉(xiāng)隨俗,說的是無論身處何處,都要注意當(dāng)?shù)氐娘L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、語言禁忌等。在翻譯中也要遵循這樣的原則。委婉語的使用往往含有說話者或作者獨(dú)特的用意。因此,委婉語的翻譯不能是停留在語言層面的直譯,必須將具體文化考慮在內(nèi)。