Simile 明喻

明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對比.這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性.

標志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.

例如:

1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.

2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.

3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.

Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻

隱喻是簡縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過比較形成.

例如:

1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

Metonymy 借喻,轉喻

借喻不直接說出所要說的事物,而使用另一個與之相關的事物名稱.

I.以容器代替內容,例如:

1>.The kettle boils. 水開了.

2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.

II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:

Lend me your ears, please. 請聽我說.

III.以作者代替作品,例如:

a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集

VI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.