大學(xué)英語四級快速閱讀專項(xiàng)突破(二)
Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly
For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO)if he statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage;
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
2. Sustainable Tourism and WTO
UNEP’s proposals on sustainable tourism
Background: A variety of groups and organizations have undertaken work on tourism, on its environmental effects and to a lesser extent on the implications of tourism for sustainable development. Some of these groups have presented guidance for sustainable tourism based on their work. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has surveyed those main proposed Principles for Implementation of Sustainable Tourism. These proposed principles were presented at the UNEP High Level Committee of Ministers and Officials in November 1998.
The UNEP Governing Council, meeting in February 1999, approved a consultation process with major groups to finalize an agreed set of principles. By promoting agreement of a consolidated set of principles, UNEP is seeking to encourage a movement from debate to more widespread action and adoption of sustainable tourism practices.
UNEP Survey:Based on the survey of guidelines for sustainable tourism, the elements of sustainable tourism which are most frequently cited include:
putting sustainable development into practice in the development, management and integration of tourism with the wider economy, the environment;
protecting bio diversity, the environment and natural resources;
including the participation of all stakeholders, and in particular, local communities in tourism; and ensuring that local communities have an equitable share in benefits resulting from tourism;
sitting tourism operations and development appropriately to avoid damage to bio diversity and the environment;
operation within the capacities of the environment, and of available infrastructure;
using resources efficiently, and preventing pollution and waste.
Summary: In summary, sustainable tourism may be defined as tourism that puts the principles of sustainable development, as for example, set out in the Rio Declaration, into practice in all aspects of its operation and development.
The Question: The key question is how to put sustainable development into practice in tourism activities ―from mass tourism to nature based and specialist tourism.
UNEP’s Proposals: UNEP’s proposals on principles for implementation of Sustainable Tourism cover the mechanisms and strategies that are most frequently cited for implementing sustainable tourism.
Application: These elements are generally applicable to all major groups involved in tourism activities and planning ─Government at national and local level, business and industry, NGOs and international organizations. All have roles in implementing these principles for sustainable tourism.
ONE: INTEGRATION of Tourism into Overall Policy for Sustainable Development, through: Regional and National Strategies: to balance tourism with broader economic, social and environmental objectives, and integrate it into sustainable development plans.
Interagency Coordination and Cooperation: to improve the management and development of tourism between different departments.
Interagency Management: to coordinate the allocation of land uses, and use of other resources, and to regulate inappropriate activities that damage ecosystems.
Reconciling Conflicting Resource Uses: to identify and resolve conflicts between tourism and other activities at an early stage, by involving all relevant stakeholders in the development, and effective implementation of sound management plans.
TWO: DEVELOPMENT of Sustainable Tourism, through: Planning for Development & Land-use at sub-National Level: to conserve the environment, maintain the quality of the visitor experience, and provide benefits for local communities.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA): to anticipate environment impacts by undertaking comprehensive EIAs for all tourism development programs.
Planning Measures:to ensure that tourism development remains within national and local plans for all types of activities,by implementing effective carrying capacity programs, planning controls and management.
Legislative Framework: to establish standards for land use in tourism development, tourism facilities, management and investment in tourism.
Environment Standards: to improve environmental quality, to set targets for reducing pollution from all sectors and to prevent development in inappropriate areas.
Regional Approaches: to establish common models for incentives, environmental policies, and integrated tourism development planning at regional level.
THREE: MANAGEMENT of Tourism through: Initiatives by Industry:
to promote sustainable tourism and to give local communities a share in the ownership and benefits of tourism; and use and promotion of
eco-efficiency and cleaner production
environment management systems and environment sound technologies(EST) for tourism and associated infrastructure.
Compliance Mechanisms: to provide incentives, monitor compliance, and to enforce regulations and standards where necessary.
Monitoring: to detect problems at early stage and to enable action to prevent the possibility of more serious damage.
FOUR: CONDITION FOR SUCCESS,through: Involvement of Stakeholders: to increase the long-term success of tourism projects by involving all stakeholders in the development and implementation of tourism plans.
Information Exchange: to raise awareness of sustainable tourism and its implementation, of best practices for sustainable tourism, and to problem dialogue on implementation of sustainable tourism.
Capacity Building: to develop and strengthen human resources and institutional capacities in government at national and local levels, and amongst local communities for effective implementation of sustainable tourism.
Principal Organs of WTO & Its Membership
The principal organs of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) are the:
General Assembly
The General Assembly is the supreme organ or the World Tourism Organization. It meets every two years to approve the budget and programme of work, and to debate topics of vital importance to the tourism sector. Every four years it elects a Secretary-general. The General Assembly is composed of voting delegates representing Full Members and Associate Members. Affiliate Members and representatives of other international organizations participate as observers.
Executive Council
The Executive Council is WTO's governing board, responsible for ensuring that the organization carries out its work and sticks to its budget. It meets twice a year and is composed of 26 members elected by the General Assembly in a ratio of one for every five Full Members. Associate Members and Affiliate Members participate in Executive Council meeting as observers.
Regional Commissions
WTO has six regional commissions ―Africa, the Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia. The commissions meet at least once a year and are composed of all the Full Members and Associate Members from that region. Affiliate Members from the region participate as observers.
Committees
Specialized committees of WTO members advise on management and programme content. These include: the Programme Committee, the Budget and Finance Committee, the Statistics Steering Committee, the Environment Committee, the Quality Support Committee, and the Education Centres Network.
Secretariat
The secretariat is led by Secretary general Francesco Frangialli, who supervises about 80 full time staff at WTO’s Madrid headquarters. These officials are responsible for implementing WTO’s programme of work and serving the needs of members.
The Affiliate Members of WTO are supported by a full time Executive Secretary at the Madrid headquarters, a position that is financed by the Spanish govern ment. An advisory Council of Affiliate Members’ meets once a year to make programme recommendations to the Secretariat. The Secretariat also includes a regional support office for Asia-Pacific in Osaka, Japan, financed by the Japanese government.
Who Can Join the World Tourism Organization
WTO has three categories of membership: Full Members, Associate Members and Affiliate Members.
Full membership is open to all sovereign states.
Associate membership is open to all territories not responsible for their external relations. Membership requires the prior approval of the government which assumes responsibility for their external relations.
Affiliate membership comprises a wide range of organizations and companies working either directly in travel and tourism or in related sectors.These include: airlines and other transport companies; hotels and restaurants; tour operators; retail travel agents; banking institutions; publishing groups; consultants; educational and research institutes; local and regional tourism boards, and travel industry associations. Affiliate membership requires endorsement by the country in which the headquarters of the applicant is located.
WTO is the only inter governmental organization that offers membership to the operating sector and in this way offers a unique contact point for discussion between government officials and industry leaders. Who's broad based Affiliate Membership participates fully in the organizations activities. It also has its own programme of activities which includes annual meeting and regional seminars on specific study topics, such as Public Private Sector Cooperation in 2000.
1.The UNEP’s principles are completely new to all the tourism professionals.
2. The purpose of the principles is to stir up the debates of whether or not we should protect the environment.
3. According to the principles, local communities have the right to get the benefits from tourism.
4.The relationship between sustainable development and specific practice is the main problem to solve.
5.The principles can be sued by all tourism groups of different level.
6. Secretary-general is appointed by the Chairperson of General Assembly every four years.
7. By the end of 2001,WTO has its Regional Commissions all over the world.
8. The General Assembly is responsible for approving.
9. Any sovereign States can become.
10. Voting delegates representing Full Members and Associate Members make up.
