在語法中,動(dòng)詞不定式是指動(dòng)詞的一種不帶詞形變化從而不指示人稱、數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)的形式。它之所以被叫做不定式,是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞不被限定,或者說不被詞形變化所局限。不定式屬于非謂語動(dòng)詞。
然而在一些語言里(例如葡萄牙語),存在著受時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)量影響的不定式形態(tài)。亦有些語言完全沒有不定式,例如阿拉伯語、保加利亞語和現(xiàn)代希臘語。
在外語學(xué)習(xí)的課程中,動(dòng)詞不定式的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被稱作“詞典用詞”,因?yàn)樗话惚挥米髟~典中該動(dòng)詞的詞頭。
動(dòng)詞不定式可以作以上各種成分,但它畢竟是動(dòng)詞,所以有動(dòng)詞的屬性。
動(dòng)詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語,雖然動(dòng)詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語,但它表達(dá)的意義是動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作一定由使動(dòng)者發(fā)出。這一使動(dòng)者我們稱之為邏輯主語。

對于英語來說接不定式的單詞多為“打算”“計(jì)劃”“希望”等表示未來的動(dòng)詞。同樣與不定時(shí)表示不同的動(dòng)詞不定式表示正在進(jìn)行,一般性或經(jīng)常發(fā)生性的行為。
定義
(語態(tài))動(dòng)詞和參與此動(dòng)作的主語之間關(guān)系的一個(gè)術(shù)語。當(dāng)主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)起者(或之一)時(shí),稱為主動(dòng)語態(tài);
如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主語是被動(dòng)語態(tài)to be invited是被邀請)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定語)
He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語)
My work is to clean the room every day.(不定式作表語)
在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動(dòng),也可用主動(dòng)。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時(shí)兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
形式
1) 現(xiàn)在式:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。一般為:動(dòng)詞+ to do sth
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成式:表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3)進(jìn)行式:表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4)完成進(jìn)行式:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一般在表示情緒的動(dòng)詞后加to do也表將來