過去完成時(shí)(past perfect)表示在發(fā)生在過去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作在前的那一個(gè)，它表示句子中描述的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。
基本結(jié)構(gòu)
主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done)
①肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞.
②否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞.
③一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞? 肯定回答：Yes,主語+had. 否定回答：No,主語+had not .
④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句（Had+主語+過去分詞）？
⑤被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+had（hadn't)+been+過去分詞
基本用法
1.表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y, before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had gotten 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
2.表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
當(dāng)車來的時(shí)候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
3.敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。 例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
4.在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。 例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
5.過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。 例如：
He said that he had known her well.
他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6.狀語從句：在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的 ，例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
7.動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。 例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
我們本來希望能來看看你。
8.過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。