在定語從句中,關系代詞who (whom) 和that都可指人和物,在一般情況下,可以互換使用,但在下列情況下值得注意:
一、用who (whom) 而不用that的情形
(1) 在非限制性定語從句中的先行詞指人時,只能用who (whom)。
如:
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present just before this Christmas. 我姐姐,她在國外學習,就在圣誕節(jié)前給我寄來了漂亮的禮物。
(2) 當定語從句對指人的先行詞進行隔位修飾時,只能用who (whom)。
如:
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking to the students? 你認識黑板前面正在給學生們講話的那位女孩子嗎?
(3) 當先行詞為people和those時,只能用who (whom)。
如:
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那兒的人請來這邊。
(4) 當先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人) 時,只能用who (whom)。
如:
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反對我們的人就是我們的敵人。
(5) 先行詞指人,而關系代詞在從句中作主語時,一般多用who。
如:
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天來這兒的那個人說過幾天他會再來。
(6) ?在there be句型中名詞的定語從句多用who (whom)。
如:
There are students in our class who / whom you have met. 我們班有些學生你見過。
(7) ?當句子中有兩個指人的現(xiàn)行詞分別帶有兩個定語從句時,若一個定語從句的引導詞為that, 那么,另一個定語從句的引導詞必定為who。
如:
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just graduated from a university. 剛才你會到的那個男孩是李明的剛從大學畢業(yè)的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1) ?當先行詞前面有形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時,引導詞只能用that。
如:
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shandong. 在為我們隊踢足球的最高哪個運動員來自山東。
(2) 當先行詞前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all, very形容詞修飾時,引導詞只能用that。如:
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher. 他是唯一的一個對老師說“不”的學生
(3) 當主句是以who開頭的特殊疑問句時,引導詞只能用that。
如:
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 剛才跟你談話的那位婦女是誰?
(4) the same as 與 the same that
the same as所引導定語從句的內(nèi)容與先行詞同類而不同物;the same that表示所引導的從句內(nèi)容與先行詞同類同物,即:同一事物。
如:
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago. 她正穿著我?guī)滋烨八鶃G失的上衣。(暗含:她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago. 她正穿著跟我?guī)滋烨八鶃G失的上衣同樣的上衣。(暗含:她所穿的上衣不是我所丟失的那一件)