“Be sure to study hard for that test!”
“要為考試努力學習！”

How many times have you heard that? But what does it even mean to study?hard? Do you have to study until your head hurts? It sounds like it！
聽過這句話無數次了？但是到底什么才是努力學習？要學到頭疼？聽起來是的！

The whole idea of studying harder suggests that you really don’t try very hard as a normal practice, and that is probably not true. So instead of studying harder for better results, you can study?smarter, and there is good news: it won’t give you a headache.
努力學習意味著你平常并不把努力當做一回事兒，但事實可能并非如此。因此，除了為得到高分而努力學習，你可以聰明地學，好消息是：聰明地學可不會頭疼。

How to Study Smarter
怎樣聰明地學

There are a few adjustments you can make to your normal study routine to make the most of your time and effort. These adjustments are based on a few scientific discoveries about learning.
在你日常的學習規(guī)劃中做出適當調整可以充分利用時間和努力。這些調整基于有關學習的科學調查。

We learn over time with repetition.
我們學習時要復習。

We learn from active experience.
我們要在積極體驗中學。

We learn through comparison.
我們要通過對比來學習。

We learn by testing ourselves.
我們要通過測試來學習。

Time and Repetition
學習時間和復習

Some studies on brain science have shown that the practice of revisiting information enhances learning. In other words, it is a good idea to study material more than one time, over a period of days.
有關腦部的研究表明復習有助于強化所學內容。換言之，學習最好不止一遍，要隔幾天復習一次。

To study smarter, then, you should start your study session a few days ahead of time and study a few hours, walk away from the material, and study the same material again a few days later.
要聰明地學，就要在計劃前幾天開始學習，學幾個小時，放下學習材料，幾天后再看一次。

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Learn Through Experience
通過體驗學習

There are indications that our brains love to make associations or “connections” when we read or observe something new. It seems that the more we enhance the experience as we read, the more we may retain.
研究表明大腦在我們閱讀或觀察新事物時喜歡建立聯系。這表明，閱讀時我們強化的體驗越多，我們能記下的就越多。

As you study, you should incorporate?active study strategies?like drawing images, writing outlines, and repeating what you’ve learned from memory.
學習時，你應該運用積極的學習策略，如畫畫、寫大綱、回憶所學的內容。

(FYI: highlighting is?not?an active study strategy!)
（僅供參考：用記號筆可不是積極的學習策略?。?/div>

It is also a good idea to study in a variety of places and environments to stimulate more associations. For example, you could study once in a quiet library and again in a very different environment, like a park or your own room.
在不同的環(huán)境中學習也是一個創(chuàng)造更多聯系的好建議。例如，你可以在安靜的圖書館中學一次，然后在一個完全不同的環(huán)境中復習，比如在公園或者是自己的臥室。

Comparing As We Study
通過對比來學習

We understand new things by comparing them to things we already know.
我們理解新事物時通過與我們熟知的事物進行對比。

To demonstrate this, try to describe a lime to someone who has never encountered one. Your depiction might go something like this:
要解釋這一點，類似于試著向一個從沒見過青檸的人描述青檸。你的描述可能像這樣：

“It’s like a lemon, but it’s green. It tastes and smells like a mix between a lemon and a tomato vine.”
“它像檸檬，但是是綠色的。嘗起來、聞起來像檸檬與番茄混合的味道?！?/em>

That person would most likely be able to identify a lime easily, because he or she will be able to consult stored knowledge to conjure new information.
對方很可能可以輕易勾畫出青檸的形象，因為他（她）可以調用自己的知識儲備形成新信息。

Any time you study new material, your brain consults stored knowledge to make sense of the new things you’re encountering. For example, if you live in the United States and you are required to learn about communism, you will most likely learn by comparing that system to a system you already know, like capitalism.
每次你學習新材料，大腦就會調用已有的知識儲備來理解你碰上的新事物。比如，你住在美國，被要求學共產主義，你會把這個系統(tǒng)和你已知的系統(tǒng)，如資本主義作對比。

When you study terms to?prepare for a test, you should always select two terms at the same time and describe the differences between them.
當你為了考試而學習術語，你應該選同時選兩個術語，并描述這二者的區(qū)別。

Learning By Testing
通過測試來學習

Recent studies tell us that learning is enhanced through trial and error. When it comes to studying effectively, it turns out that testing is one of the best ways to prepare for testing!
最近的研究表明學習通過嘗試與犯錯來以鞏固。要高效地學習，自我檢測是備考的最佳途徑！

There is good evidence that the very best way for you to learn is to take a series of?practice tests. This means that the process of trying to answer questions, getting questions wrong, discovering why you were wrong, and correcting yourself—is the smartest study strategy of all.
一個有力的證明表示學習的最佳方法就是多次測驗。這是一個試著答題、回答錯誤、分析錯誤、改正自我的過程，這是所有學習策略中一定的。

Of course, if you want to do this right, you should have someone else prepare a few practice tests for you. This can be easy: just?find a partner?(or a group) and write questions for each other.
當然，如果你要正確地利用這個策略，還需要別人給你出題。這很簡單：只要找一個學伴兒（或是學習小組），幾個人互相出題。

In summary, the science says this: if you want to study harder and smarter, you should start early, find a study partner, get active, and test yourself.
總之，最科學的方法就是：如果你要事半功倍地學習，就要早開始，找同伴，積極行動，檢測自我。

?聲明：本雙語文章的中文翻譯系滬江英語原創(chuàng)內容，轉載請注明出處。中文翻譯僅代表譯者個人觀點，僅供參考。如有不妥之處，歡迎指正。