本文選自吳應(yīng)時(shí)主編的《大學(xué)英語六級(jí)閱讀真題精讀——晨讀伴侶》。本書對(duì)歷年國家大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試（CET-6）的仔細(xì)閱讀部分進(jìn)行了詳盡而精準(zhǔn)的分析、翻譯和注釋，對(duì)四六級(jí)考生有著事半功倍的效果，對(duì)提升整體英語能力也很有幫助。

學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)讀：

心理學(xué)在當(dāng)前算是發(fā)展得尤為迅速的學(xué)科，人們對(duì)心理學(xué)有著強(qiáng)烈的好奇，與之相伴的是較多的誤解。利用心理學(xué)來掌控我們的生活，這種想法當(dāng)然美好，但實(shí)際情況是怎樣的，是否弄巧成拙呢？這篇文章從設(shè)定目標(biāo)這個(gè)生活中很常見的情況出發(fā)，圍繞著好壞兩方面進(jìn)行了討論。英語文章但凡顯得辯證客觀的（俗稱critical thinking），都要就雙方的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述和分析。

[As anyone (who has tried to lose weight?1) knows,] realistic goal-setting [generally] produces the best results. That’s [partially] because it appears people (who set realistic goals) [actually] work [more] [efficiently], and exert?2?[more] effort, [to achieve those goals].?3
每一個(gè)試圖嘗試減肥的人都知道，設(shè)定實(shí)際可行的目標(biāo)通常會(huì)產(chǎn)生最好的結(jié)果。在某種程度上，這是因?yàn)槟切┰O(shè)定切合實(shí)際目標(biāo)的人通常工作更有效率，會(huì)付出更多努力，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)更多目標(biāo)。

注：1. lose weight 減輕體重。例：

However many experts believe that exercise does have a role to play in helping children to lose weight.
然而，許多專家認(rèn)為，運(yùn)動(dòng)的確能有助于兒童減肥。

[選自：BBC: Link between inactivity and obesity queried]

I agree！After all, I want to lose weight not my health
我同意！畢竟我要減肥而不是減壽。

2. exert vt. 運(yùn)用；發(fā)揮(威力等)；行使(職權(quán)、職責(zé)等)；產(chǎn)生(影響等)；施加(壓力等)；盡力，施加影響等：出(大力)，使(勁)，用(力)，盡(力)，努力。例：

But there's no doubt that I can exert a profound influence on what my kids believe.
但毫無疑問，我可以對(duì)我的孩子的信仰產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

[選自：WSJ: Should My Son Be a Political Mini-Me?]

Its best hope is that China can exert influence over Pyongyang to return to the negotiating table.
在這一點(diǎn)上最富希望的是：中國可以施加影響于平壤，使其回到談判桌上來。

3. 這是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的復(fù)合句，because引導(dǎo)表語從句至句末，it appears引導(dǎo)省略了that的賓語從句至句末。在該賓語從句中，含有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾people。Work和exert為并列謂語，主語為people。

What’s far less?1?understood [by scientists],?2?[however], are the [potentially] (harmful) effects (of goal-setting).
然而，對(duì)于目標(biāo)設(shè)定的潛在危害，科學(xué)家仍知之甚少。

注：1. far less 遠(yuǎn)不及。例：

Americans have been perfectly happy with far less wealth than most of us have now, and we could quickly become those Americans again – if only we knew we had to.
美國人民曾經(jīng)在擁有比現(xiàn)在少得多財(cái)富的情況下非常快樂，我們也能夠再次成為那樣的美國人——只要我們知道我們必需快樂。

But she said officers were using the powers far less than they should be.
但她說，官員使用的權(quán)力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于他們擁有的權(quán)力。

[選自：BBC: You are in: UK]

2. what引導(dǎo)的主語從句作全句的主語。

Newspapers relay?1?[daily] accounts?2?(of goal-setting) (prevalent in industries and businesses) [up and down3?both Wall Street and Main Street], [yet] there has been [surprisingly] little research (on how the long-trumpeted?4?practice of setting goals) may have contributed5?to the current economic crisis, and unethical behavior [in general].
報(bào)紙會(huì)刊登普遍流行于華爾街和緬因街各工業(yè)和商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的日常目標(biāo)設(shè)定的各種報(bào)道，但令人驚訝的是，很少有研究關(guān)注設(shè)定目標(biāo)這種長(zhǎng)期受人鼓吹的行為，對(duì)當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)以及不道德行為在總體上產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響。

注：1. relay n. 接替；替換的馬；接替人員；接力賽跑

v. 分程傳遞，轉(zhuǎn)播，使接替。本句中為動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)播意。例：

The satellite will be used mainly to relay television programmes.
這顆衛(wèi)星將主要用來轉(zhuǎn)播電視節(jié)目。

2. account n. 帳單；帳目；描述；說明；報(bào)道。本句中為報(bào)道。例：

He gave a detailed account of what happened on the fateful night.
他對(duì)那個(gè)決定命運(yùn)的夜晚所發(fā)生的事情做了一個(gè)詳細(xì)的報(bào)道。

Almost 3, 000 people have died in the government’s crackdown, according to some accounts.
據(jù)多方報(bào)道，在敘利亞政府鎮(zhèn)壓下，約有三千人喪生。

[選自：CNN: Tanks block access to western Syrian city, activist says]

3. up and down來回地，各處；到處。例：

He looked me up and down.
他開始上下打量我。

From now on we can probably expect slight fluctuations up and down, rather than longer-term trends.
從現(xiàn)在開始，我們或許可以期待小幅度的上下波動(dòng)，而不是長(zhǎng)期的趨勢(shì)。

[選自：BBC: A tale of midsummer madness]

4. trumpet n. 喇叭，小號(hào)。例：

The guide was playing a trumpet, to let all the visitors could hear the interesting echo of the music.
這位導(dǎo)游正在用小喇叭演奏曲子，讓大家都可以聽到有趣的回音。

v. 吹喇叭，吹捧。例：

Mark, who is trumpeted as the dance talent of his generation.
馬克，被吹捧為他那一代的舞蹈奇才。

But war itself is never glorious, and we must never trumpet it as such.
但戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)本身決不光榮，我們決不能如此宣揚(yáng)。

[選自：WSJ: Obama's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech]

5. contribute vt.捐助；捐(款)；貢獻(xiàn)出；捐獻(xiàn)；投(稿)；撰(稿)。例：

“I don’t think anybody wants to contribute to the extinction of a species,” she adds.“
我不認(rèn)為任何人想促成一個(gè)物種的滅絕，”她補(bǔ)充道。

[選自：CNN: More Than We Can Chew]

The Song Dynasty contributed three great inventions to world civilization.
“宋朝”為世界文明貢獻(xiàn)了三大發(fā)明。

“Goals are [widely] used and promoted . And yet, the same motivation (that can push people [to exert more effort]) [in a constructive?1?way] could [also] motivate people [to be more likely2?to engage in unethical behaviors],” says Maurice Schweitzer, {an associate professor at Penn’s Wharton School}.
賓西法尼亞沃頓商學(xué)院的副教授Maurice Schweitzer說：“由于目標(biāo)可以產(chǎn)生有利影響，所以受到人們的廣泛應(yīng)用和追捧。這種激勵(lì)能夠促使人們以建設(shè)性的方式付出更多努力，然而同時(shí)，它也很可能促使人們鋌而走險(xiǎn)，實(shí)施一些不道德行為?！?/div>

注：1. constructive adj. 建設(shè)性的，確有助益的；積極的；建造的，構(gòu)造上的；建設(shè)的；經(jīng)過解釋的；推定的；推論的。例：

What I want us to do, though, is channel our anger in a constructive way.
但是我希望我們以一種建設(shè)性的方式發(fā)泄我們的憤怒。

To create a new, more constructive and more rational culture for our national politics.
為我們的國家政策創(chuàng)建一種嶄新的，更具建設(shè)性的，更理性的文化。

[選自：BBC: News | UK Politics | Text of the Lib Lab deal statement]

2. likely adj. 可信的；似乎有理的；(像是)可靠的；可能是真的，很可能的；可能會(huì)發(fā)生的，適合的；適當(dāng)?shù)模蝗缢谕?，有希望的；有出息的；前途有望?大有可能成功的。文中為可能的之意。例：

Noticing that there was likely to be trouble, the coward sneaked away.
那個(gè)膽小鬼看到有可能發(fā)生騷亂時(shí)就溜開了。

We therefore concluded that the ad was irresponsible and was likely to cause serious offense.
因此，我們的結(jié)論是，廣告是不負(fù)責(zé)任的，并有可能造成嚴(yán)重的犯罪行為。

[選自：CNN: STORY HIGHLIGHTS]

“It turns out1?there’s no economic benefit [to just having a goal] – you [just] get a psychological benefit.” Schweitzer says. “But [in many cases] goals have (economic) rewards (that make them [more] .)”
Schweitzer說：“事實(shí)證明，僅僅擁有一個(gè)目標(biāo)并不能實(shí)現(xiàn)任何經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，它只會(huì)讓你在心理上受益。但是在很多情況下，那些能產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)的目標(biāo)往往讓目標(biāo)本身具有激勵(lì)性?！?/div>

注：1. It turns out事實(shí)證明，原來。例：

It turns out that the shoulder altered the course of human evolution by giving us survival skills we never could have imagined without it.
其實(shí)，正是肩部改變了人類的進(jìn)化過程，如果沒有它，我們可能無法想象出，我們能有現(xiàn)在這樣的生存技能。

It turns out, the real birthplace of wine may be in a cave in Armenia.
原來，酒的真正發(fā)源地可能在亞美尼亞的一個(gè)山洞。

[選自：CNN: Scientists discover 'oldest' winery in Armenian cave]

A prime?1?example (Schweitzer and his colleagues cite) is the 2004 collapse?2?(of energy-trading giant Anron), (where manager used financial incentives [to motivate?3salesmen] [to meet special revenue goals].) The problem, ^Schweitzer says^, is the actual trades were not profitable.4

Schweitzer和他的同事引用一個(gè)主要的例子就是2004年能源貿(mào)易巨頭安然公司的破產(chǎn)倒閉。在安然公司，經(jīng)理們用財(cái)務(wù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)手段激勵(lì)銷售人員達(dá)到特定的銷售目標(biāo)。在Schweitzer看來，真正的問題在于，實(shí)際的貿(mào)易根本不盈利。

注： n.最初，初期；春天；黎明；青年；v.灌注，裝填；使起動(dòng)；為...裝火藥；在...上涂底漆；做準(zhǔn)備；adj.最初的；基本的；原始的；原有的。例：

The water-splashing festival is perhaps the prime example of the trans-cultural nature of Xishuangbanna.
潑水節(jié)也許是西雙版納跨文化性質(zhì)的最好例子。

[選自：BBC: The Dai water-splashing festival]

A prime example is…經(jīng)典寫作句型，務(wù)必掌握。全書最后的麥當(dāng)勞宣傳文案就用到了該句型。

2. collapse vi. 倒塌，崩潰；垮臺(tái)。例：

The stands of the stage are going to collapse from the shouting of the crazy audience.
觀眾們瘋狂的叫喊聲都快把舞臺(tái)的柱子震塌了。

n. 倒塌，崩潰；垮臺(tái)。文中作名詞。例：

The rainstorm caused the collapse of the roof.
暴風(fēng)雨造成屋頂坍塌。

Thousands of people slept outdoors, fearing that the buildings they lived in might collapse.
數(shù)千人睡在戶外，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心現(xiàn)在住的建筑物可能隨時(shí)崩塌。
[選自：CNN: Several hurt as quake rattles southwest Turkey]

3. motivate vt. 使有動(dòng)機(jī)，使產(chǎn)生動(dòng)機(jī)；構(gòu)成行為的動(dòng)機(jī)，激起(行動(dòng))，促動(dòng)，激發(fā)…的積極性(或?qū)W習(xí)興趣)；使(學(xué)習(xí)等)生動(dòng)有趣。例：

To motivate your people better, figure out what they want and how you can give that to them for doing what you want them to do.
更好的激勵(lì)你的員工，了解他們想要什么，以及明白你為了讓他們達(dá)到你想要的目的該如何去滿足他們的需求。

The approach was designed to motivate people to solve problems through highly assertive exchanges.
該方法的目的是要激勵(lì)人們通過高度自信的交流去解決問題。

[選自：FORBES: Most Popular]

4. is后面是表語從句，該從句又是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的完整句子。

Other studies have show that saddling1?employees (with unrealistic goals) can compel?2?them [to lie, cheat or steal]. Such was the case [in the early 1990s] [when Sears impose?3?a sales quota [on its auto repair staff].] It promoted employees [to overcharge?4?for work] and [to complete unnecessary repairs]?5?[on a company wide basis]?6.
其他的研究顯示，把不切實(shí)際的目標(biāo)強(qiáng)加于員工會(huì)迫使他們?nèi)鲋e、欺騙甚至偷竊。典型的例子就是20世紀(jì)90年代初Sears公司為其汽車修理人員設(shè)定的銷售配額。這促使其員工在工作中額外收費(fèi)并且公司上下都在做一些不必要的工作。

注：1. saddle ?n.鞍，馬鞍；鞍狀物；車座；鞍狀山脊；v.給裝鞍；強(qiáng)加；使負(fù)擔(dān)；跨上馬鞍。例：

We know that rising costs will saddle millions more families with unaffordable expenses.
我們知道，成本上升將強(qiáng)加給百萬家庭一筆無法負(fù)擔(dān)的花銷。

[選自：WHITEHOUSE: Health Insurance Reform Right Now]

2. compel v.強(qiáng)迫；迫使。例：

But they almost certainly cannot compel you to unlock your phone without the involvement of a judge.
但沒有法官的參與，他們幾乎不能強(qiáng)迫你為你的手機(jī)解鎖。

[選自：CNN: STORY HIGHLIGHTS]

3. impose vt.加(負(fù)擔(dān)等)于；施加影響；征(稅)；罰(款)(常與on，upon連用)；(用欺騙手段)把…硬塞給(或賣給)；騙售。例：

We fight, not to impose our will, but to defend ourselves and extend the blessings of freedom.
我們戰(zhàn)斗，不是強(qiáng)加我們的意愿，而是保衛(wèi)我們自己和傳遞自由的祝福。

City institutions have always worked behind the scenes to impose changes on company boards.
市機(jī)構(gòu)一直在幕后對(duì)公司董事會(huì)強(qiáng)加改變。

[選自：BBC: NEWS | Business | The ITV shareholder revolt explained]

4. overcharge n. 過度充電；超載；裝藥過多

vt. 對(duì)……索價(jià)過高；使……過度充電

vi. 過度充電；討價(jià)過高。文中為不及物動(dòng)詞，例：

“We can make sure that any entity will not illegally overcharge,” the president said.
總統(tǒng)說：“我們可以確保任何實(shí)體將不會(huì)非法濫收費(fèi)用?！?/div>

[選自：CNN: Bush ready to release 'optimistic' energy plan]

對(duì)于詞根charge，有如下詞組，須掌握。

in charge of ?負(fù)…的責(zé)任，主管，負(fù)責(zé)管理，在…控制 (或管理、監(jiān)督、看管)之下，受…保護(hù)；受…托管。例：

No one is in charge of your happiness except you.
除了自己，沒人能為我們的快樂負(fù)責(zé)。

5. 這里to overcharge for work 和to complete unnecessary repairs均為目的狀語，動(dòng)詞不定式不能作謂語。比如help sb. [to do sth.]，to do不能作謂語，只能表示幫某人是為了干什么，所以為目的狀語。

6. 可以看作地點(diǎn)狀語，在這樣一個(gè)范圍之內(nèi)。其實(shí)狀語的種類雖如語法一篇通里面所說有十來種，但具體到句子中，因?yàn)檎Z言的豐富多樣，不一定能準(zhǔn)確適配。關(guān)鍵在于自己是否理解了該語素在句子中表達(dá)了什么信息。

Schweitzer concedes?1?his research runs counter?2?to a very large body (of literature) (that commend the many benefits (of goal-setting).) Advocates (of the practice) have taken issue [with?3?his team’s use of such evidence as news account] [to support his conclusion] {that goal-setting is [widely] over-prescribed?4.}
Schweitzer坦言他的研究與大量的參考文獻(xiàn)背道而馳，這些文件對(duì)設(shè)定目標(biāo)的許多好處大加褒獎(jiǎng)。提倡設(shè)定目標(biāo)的人們對(duì)Schweitzer及其團(tuán)隊(duì)引用新聞報(bào)道作為證據(jù)來支持其結(jié)論的做法表示質(zhì)疑，Schweitzer得出的結(jié)論是設(shè)定目標(biāo)的做法被大量濫用了。

注：1. concede v.勉強(qiáng)；退讓；承認(rèn)；讓步。例：

Even some defenders of the industry concede that the problem is real and potentially calamitous.
即使是工業(yè)的一些捍衛(wèi)者也承認(rèn)，這個(gè)問題是真實(shí)的而且是具有潛在的災(zāi)難性的。

[選自：NEWYORKER: Mastering the Machine]

2. run counter 背道而馳。例：

I sensed an odd mix of fatalism and optimism, which both run counter to my own views.
我感覺到其中摻雜著宿命情緒和樂觀情緒，但與我的想法背道而馳。

That would run counter to the family tradition of investing for growth.
這將有悖于投資增長(zhǎng)的家族傳統(tǒng)。

[選自：ECONOMIST: Reliance Industries]

3. take issue with 與…爭(zhēng)論；提出異議。例：

Linda doesn’t dare to take issue with her boss.
琳達(dá)不敢向她的老板提出異議。

Farmers will take issue with that, but it’s clear that the economic impact of fox hunting is pretty marginal.
農(nóng)民對(duì)此存在異議，但這清楚地表明獵狐對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響是相當(dāng)有限的。

[選自：BBC: NEWS | UK | Wales | Business as usual after hunt ban]

4. prescribe v.規(guī)定，指定；囑咐；開，為...開；使失效；規(guī)定，指定；給醫(yī)囑；開藥方；要求。文中為開處方之意。例：

The new study should lead obstetricians to prescribe it more often, some experts said.
有專家表示：這項(xiàng)新的研究將會(huì)讓產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生更頻繁地開這種藥。

[選自：MSN: Morning sickness drug shown safe for babies]

[In a rebuttal paper], Dr Edwin Locke writes: “goal-setting is [not] going away?1. Organizations cannot thrive [without being focus on their desired end results] [any more than individual can thrive [without goals to provide sense of purpose].]”
在一篇反駁論文里，Edwin Locke 博士寫道：“設(shè)定目標(biāo)并沒有過時(shí)。各機(jī)構(gòu)如果不能集中精力于他們所渴望的終極目標(biāo)，那么他們就不能繁榮發(fā)展；就像一個(gè)人如果沒有目標(biāo)就會(huì)停滯不前一樣。”

注：1. go away走開，離開，(帶某人、某物)逃走；私奔，過時(shí)。例

I hoped it would go away.
我希望這種感覺會(huì)離去。

There was no guarantee that the topic of Obama's birth would simply go away.
不能保證關(guān)于奧巴馬的出身的話題會(huì)簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單就成為過去。

[選自：MSN: Analysis: Obama had no choice in 'birther' fight]

But Schweitzer contends1?the “mounting2?causal evidence” (linking goal-setting and harmful behavior) should be studied to help spotlight?3?issues (that merit?4caution and further investigation.) “Even a few negative effect could be so large that they overweight?5?many positive effect,” he says.
但是Schweitzer認(rèn)為人們應(yīng)該研究那些表明目標(biāo)設(shè)定和有害行為有聯(lián)系的“越來越多的偶然性證據(jù)”，以便使公眾注意到那些值得謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待和深入研究的問題。他說：“甚至少有的幾點(diǎn)不利影響也可能壓倒眾多的積極影響?！?/div>

注：1. contend v.奮斗，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，斗爭(zhēng)；為...斗爭(zhēng)；堅(jiān)決主張，聲稱。例：

Proponents contend the additional area is needed for new and advanced weaponry and maintaining combat readiness.
支持者主張有必要為全新而先進(jìn)的武器裝備準(zhǔn)備額外的區(qū)域并保持作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。

[選自：CNN: Scoop: The Military Wants More Wild Blue Yonder]

2. mount n.可乘騎的東西；炮架；底座；山峰； v.登上，爬上；騎上；給備馬；增長(zhǎng), 上升；安裝；鑲嵌。例：

But others were skeptical that hackers could use the information to mount an attack.
但也有人對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度：黑客可以利用這些信息來掛載攻擊。

[選自：BBC: Unweaving the world wide web]

3. spotlight vt. 聚光照明；使公眾注意。例：

Mr. Moriah said Verint's video analytics can spotlight suspicious activities automatically, as they happen.
莫里亞說威瑞特的視頻分析可以自動(dòng)聚焦發(fā)生的可疑活動(dòng)。

[選自：WSJ: Software Finds Place in Posse]

4. merit n.優(yōu)點(diǎn)，價(jià)值，功績(jī)；

v. 值得，應(yīng)受，應(yīng)受。文中此意，因?yàn)閠hat所代為issues，所以merit無需用第三人稱單數(shù)，后面的further也同樣不需要加s。例：

Is the presence of well-regarded street art enough to merit the preservation of a building?
有備受推崇的街頭藝術(shù)的建筑物是否足以值得保護(hù)？

[選自：BBC: Urban art attracts tourists]

5. overweight adj.超重的，過重的；

n. 超重；

vt. 使負(fù)擔(dān)過重，文中作動(dòng)詞。例

He overweights himself with huge muscles.
他肥胖的身軀令他行動(dòng)不便。

[選自：21世紀(jì)大英漢詞典]

“Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine?1?that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture?2, and make sure the goals (that you use) are going to be constructive and [not] [significantly] harm the organization,?3” Schweitzer says.
Schweitzer說：“目標(biāo)設(shè)定確實(shí)有助于協(xié)調(diào)和激勵(lì)人們。我主張將它與周密的監(jiān)管及其強(qiáng)有力的組織文化結(jié)合。同時(shí)要確保你的目標(biāo)富有建設(shè)性，不會(huì)給組織造成嚴(yán)重危害?！?/div>

注：1. combine vt. 使結(jié)合；使聯(lián)合，使混合；合并。例：

These devices then combine hydrogen and oxygen to make water and liberate electricity in the process.
這些裝置在結(jié)合氫氣和氧氣的過程中，產(chǎn)生水并釋放電能。

[選自：MSN: A dream of a hydrogen economy]

Education must be combined with productive labor.
教育必須與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合。

combine with與...結(jié)合；兼具 ?例：

We must combine theory with practice.
我們必須學(xué)會(huì)理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際。

2. to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture整體作表語，to combine作為動(dòng)詞不定式，不能作謂語，該表語中，可以理解為combine that with culture，即將這個(gè)與文化相結(jié)合，這個(gè)相結(jié)合就是my idea了。

3. make sure后面接省略了that的賓語從句，在該從句中，the goals做主語，句子主干是the goals are constructive and not harm the organization.

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