四、 平衡結(jié)構(gòu)
英語修辭的一個重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最復雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在語言使用中為了避免產(chǎn)生頭重腳輕、結(jié)構(gòu)不平衡的句子,我們常采用倒裝語序。
1. 以作狀語的介詞短語開頭:當主語較長或主語所帶修飾語較長時,為了使句子平衡,常將狀語置于句首,句子用完全倒裝語序。
eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
? ? ?A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
? ? ?一個連隊的解放軍戰(zhàn)士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。
eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
? ? ?Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
? ? ?地上放著一些空調(diào),等著用船運到其他城市去。
從例句中可看出, 采用倒裝語序的A句結(jié)構(gòu)平衡穩(wěn)妥 ,讀起來自然流暢,而采用自然語序的B句結(jié)構(gòu)零亂, 讀起來也別扭。因而,在主語較長時就應采用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達效果。
2. 以表語開頭的句子:有時為了把較長的主語放在后面,須將表語和謂語都提到主語前。
eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我們將來的家就是這個樣子。
3. 以副詞here , there開頭的句子,也采用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。
eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在這兒。
五、 使描寫生動
有時為了使敘述或描繪更加生動形象,增加語言效果,可將表示方向的副詞(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或擬聲詞(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒裝的語序(主語為人稱代詞的句子除外)。
eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一聲火箭就飛上天了。
eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 當警察把手槍瞄準那個罪犯時,嘭地一下他就從三樓跳了下去。
eg.Boom went the cannon! 轟隆一聲大炮開火了!
eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一聲槍響!
以上句子簡潔明快 ,生動逼真地描述了有關(guān)動作 ,令我們一覽此類倒裝的風采。但這種倒裝句的修辭功能在語段中可以體現(xiàn)得更為清楚。
"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away, up和out位于句首引出四個倒裝句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。從而制造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛 ,生動地刻畫了一個緊張、混亂的捉賊場面。