今天滬江四六級(jí)教研繼續(xù)為大家推出四六級(jí)的閱讀理解預(yù)測題，今天的主題是“科技”，這也是一大熱門話題哦！

Passage One

預(yù)測話題：科技發(fā)展

Hospital workers often have to wash their hands dozens of times a day, but now new devices could reduce the task to just four second, cleaning even hard-to-reach areas under fingernails. Instead of scrubbing, the workers would put their hands into a small box that bathes them with plasma (等離子). This plasma is at room temperature and pressure, and is engineered to kill germs.

The technology is being developed in several laboratories. Gregor Morfill, who created several prototypes using the technology at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany, says the plasma quickly inactivates not only bacteria but also viruses and fungi (真菌).

Plasmas engineered to kill microorganisms aren't new. During the last decade, they have come into use to sterilize (消毒) some medical instruments. But using them on human tissue is another matter, said Mark Kushner, director of the Michigan Institute for Plasma Science and Engineering and a professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. "Many thousands of volts drive the generation of plasma," he said, "and normally one doesn't want to touch thousands of volts." But the design of the new hand sanitizers, he said, protects people from doing so.

He said that there were many documented cases of plasmas being applied for sanitizing skin or other body parts, and for speeding the rate of blood clotting in wound healing.

Dr. Morfill, who has a plasma research laboratory inside the international space station, took an unusual route to studying medical uses of plasmas. He was researching the natural plasmas of space, including the charged dust in Saturn's (土星) rings, and decided to develop plasmas for health on earth. He has developed several prototypes of hand-cleaning devices that can be mounted on walls, as well as a portable, battery-operated model the size of a large electric toothbrush. The devices can probably be built for $100 or less, as no expensive parts are used, he said.

Many other cleaning applications of plasma are being researched. In addition to hand sanitisers, Michael G. Kong, a professor of bioelectrics engineering at Loughborough University in Leicestershire, England, has developed a prototype for plasma jets that can be built into air-conditioning systems. As air is transmitted through the system from one hospital room to another, for example, the jets inactivate microorganisms, fungi and viruses in the air.

In the Netherlands, Gerrit M. W. Kroesen, a professor of plasma physics at the Eindhoven University of Technology, is focusing on the treatment of burn wounds. "We have seen that plasmas help with disinfection," he said. "They also stimulate regeneration of tissue."

The first products to reach hospitals, after surface cleaners and instrument disinfectants, will probably be hand sanitisers, said Alexander Fridman, a professor and director of the Drexel Plasma Institute at Drexel University in Philadelphia.

"Hand sanitisers are the low-hanging fruit here," he said, as their safety can be demonstrated relatively easily. But other potential applications, including treatment of burns or cancers, are further away.

1. What is said about plasma used in the new hand-cleaning devices?
[A] It is designed mainly to save water.
[B] It simplifies the process of hand sterilizing.
[C] It can't clean hard-to-reach areas under fingernails.
[D] It only makes hospital workers free from live bacteria.

2. What does Mark Kushner say about the new hand-cleaning devices?
[A] They do not need energy to generate power.
[B] Their design can keep people from contacting high volts.
[C] They generate plasma at room temperature and pressure.
[D] They can be used to sterilise medical instruments.

3. The hand-cleaning devices developed by Dr. Morfill _______.
[A] are easily carried and not expensive
[B] is difficult to apply to medical use
[C] have just come onto the market
[D] use the natural plasmas of space

4. Gerrit M. W. Kroesen hoped plasmas can be used in _______.
[A] air-conditioner cleaning
[B] hospital sterilizing
[C] the treatment of medical wastes
[D] the treatment of burn wounds

5. What does the passage mainly talk about?
[A] The advantages of hand-cleaning devices.
[B] The development of medical technology.
[C] The applications of plasma in medicine.
[D] The new ways to fight germs.

1.
答案：B
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞plasma和new hand-cleaning devices定位到第一段。第一句說有一種新裝置可以將醫(yī)務(wù)工作者的洗手時(shí)間縮短至四秒中，而第二句就提到實(shí)現(xiàn)的方式就是把手放進(jìn)一個(gè)內(nèi)含等離子的小盒子里。由此可知，新型裝置簡化了消毒手的過程。故答案選B。

2.
答案：B
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Mark Kushner定位到第三段。第三句提到庫什納說生成等離子需要上千伏的電壓，正常情況下誰都不會(huì)想去接觸幾千伏的高壓。后來又補(bǔ)充說這種新型的洗手機(jī)會(huì)保護(hù)人們在使用時(shí)避免接觸高壓。故答案選B。

3.
答案：A
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Dr. Morfill定位到第五段。第五段提到莫菲爾博士發(fā)明了好幾種樣式的潔手裝置，有的就是可便攜的。第四句提到莫菲爾博士的裝置不需要昂貴的部件，造價(jià)可能最多只有100美元。由此可知，答案應(yīng)選A。

4.
答案：D
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Gerrit M. W. Kroesen定位到倒數(shù)第三段第一句。該句提到Gerrit M. W. Kroesen專注于等離子體在燒傷傷口處理上的應(yīng)用。由此可知，答案應(yīng)選D。

5.
答案：C
解析：
本題為主旨題。文章前5段講述了等離子體可以用來制造消滅病毒的潔手裝置，6-9段講述了等離子體在其他方面的研究及應(yīng)用。故答案應(yīng)選C。

Passage Two

（預(yù)測話題：美國教育問題、文化種族歧視）

In American high schools today, it's taken as a given that extracurricular (課外的) activities bring students of different races together. What's more, it's in clubs and sports teams that the conditions of Allport's Contact Theory are actually met—students are working together towards a single goal, rather than competing against each other.

If school districts can widely integrate their sports teams and clubs, then they might see less self-segregation in the hallways and lunchrooms.

It fell to a Duke University scholar, Dr. Charles Clotfelter, to figure out a way to measure how well schools are doing on this front.

Clotfelter could easily look up the racial composition of every school—those numbers are tracked by the National Centre for Education Statistics. But the racial make-up of clubs and sports teams wasn't as easy. How to go about getting a tabulation (列表) of who's in the drama club, belongs to the engineering society, and runs the school newspapers?

Then Clotfelter landed on an ingenious solution. In nearby Winston-Salem, North Carolina, was a printing company called Jostens. Inc. Jostens is one of the biggest printers of high school yearbooks. Clotfelter got permission to drive over and haul away a huge random sample of yearbooks from the previous year, which represented a fairly good mix of public, private independent, and Catholic high schools throughout the Midwest, Northeast and South.

Then his graduate students found every photograph of every track team, French club and Yearbook Club that existed in those yearbooks. There are over 4,400 sports teams and another 4,400 more clubs, each with roughly a couple dozen members on average—ultimately equivalent to a poll of over 150,000 students. It was painstaking work to catalogue the race of every kid in every photo.

Clotfelter found that extracurricular activities were far from the desegregating force they should be. The average club was 39% less diverse than the school itself. Fully one-third of all clubs and teams are mono-racial. In fact, there seemed to be a curious phenomenon: white students almost never belonged to a team or a club that was less than 3/4 white. If a club's racial composition got too diverse, it was hard to find a white face, save for clubs in the most diverse schools. There were also a small proportion of ethnic-identity clubs that whites probably did not feel welcome to join.

We couldn't help but wonder what if school districts were more proactively (積極地) getting kids involved in these activities—making sure that their participation includes kids from all races, ethnicities and socio-economic backgrounds. To do so, districts and schools would need to actively recruit students into various clubs and activities. They would need to make sure that fees for participation don't prohibit children from low-income families from joining. Bus schedules, too, would likely also have to be addressed, since they often make it hard for kids from other neighborhoods to participate.

It would take a real effort, but so many good things come from diverse extracurricular activities, shouldn't these be fostered?

6. What do we know about extracurricular activities in American high schools?
[A] Students are united and work to reach the same goal.
[B] There still exists prejudice and racial discrimination.
[C] Students from different races have equal access.
[D] They are organised according to Allport's Contact Theory.

7. What problem did Clotfelter face when he studied the effect of schools' extracurricular activities?
[A] Students were unwilling to cooperate when he conducted the poll.
[B] There was no available data of the racial composition of every school.
[C] He found it impossible to catalogue the structural feature of all high schools.
[D] It was difficult to compare the racial makeup of the clubs and sports teams.

8. How did Clotfelter manage to solve the problem in the end?
[A] By seeking cooperation with heads of the school clubs and sports teams.
[B] By hiring some graduate students to carry out a poll in the schools.
[C] By cataloguing the races from the pictures presented in the yearbooks.
[D] By getting the racial data from the National Center for Education Statistics.

9. What did Clotfelter's study reveal about the extracurricular activities?
[A] Most of them were exclusive to white and rich students only.
[B] They contributed to the forming of interracial friendships.
[C] They didn't help eliminate racial segregation as expected.
[D] They seemed to be neglected by American school districts.

10. To promote extracurricular mixing, the author suggests districts and schools _______.
[A] rearrange the school shuttles
[B] set stricter rules for the activities
[C] offer free buses for poor students
[D] make some curricular changes

1.
答案：B
解析：
本題為推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞extracurricular activities定位到第一段。該段提到課外活動(dòng)讓不同種族的學(xué)生聚在一起被視為一種假設(shè)。第二段也提到了自我種族隔離。由此可推斷，當(dāng)今美國中學(xué)的課外活動(dòng)仍存在種族歧視。

2.
答案：D
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Clotfelter，problem和studied定位到第三四段。第四段最后兩句提到搞清俱樂部和運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)的種族成分沒有那么容易。由此可知，要進(jìn)行兩者的比較很難是研究遇到的問題。因此答案應(yīng)選D。

3.
答案：C
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞solve the problem定位到第5、6段。兩段提到Clotfelter從喬斯滕斯印刷公司中隨機(jī)抽取上一年的年鑒的樣品，并從中獲得每個(gè)俱樂部和運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)的照片。由此可知答案選C。

4.
答案：C
解析：
本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Clotfelter's study定位到倒數(shù)第三段。首句提到Clotfelter發(fā)現(xiàn)課外活動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)未發(fā)揮其應(yīng)發(fā)揮的消除種族隔離的作用。故答案選擇C。

5.
答案：A
解析：
本題為態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞districts and schools定位到倒數(shù)第二段。該段提到學(xué)區(qū)和學(xué)校需要積極動(dòng)員學(xué)生參加各種俱樂部和活動(dòng)；確保參加費(fèi)用不至于阻礙低收入家庭孩子的參與，以及校車時(shí)刻表問題要設(shè)法解決。故答案應(yīng)選A。?