1、不一致(Disagreements)

所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致,它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等。

例1. When one have money,he can do what he want to。

(人一旦有了錢,他就能想干什么就干什么。) 剖析:one是單數(shù)第三人稱,因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has; 同理,want應(yīng)改為wants。本句是典型的主謂不一致。

改為:Once one has money,he can do what he wants (to do)。

2、 修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位(Misplaced Modifiers)

英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同,同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同的位置,句子的含義可能引起變化。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視,因而造成了 不必要的誤解。例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus。

剖析:better位置不當(dāng),應(yīng)置于句末。

3、 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)

在口語(yǔ)中,交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解??墒菚嬲Z(yǔ)就不同了,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表達(dá)不清,這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后,筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生。

例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on。

剖析:本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on”不是一個(gè)完整的句子,僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ),不能獨(dú)立成句。

改為:There are many ways to know society,for example,by TV,radio,and newspaper。

4、 懸垂修飾語(yǔ)(Dangling Modifiers)

所謂懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。例如:At the age of ten,my grandfather died. 這句中“at the age of ten” 只點(diǎn)出十歲時(shí),但沒有說(shuō)明“ 誰(shuí)”十歲時(shí)。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè)懸垂修飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn),全句就不那么費(fèi)解了。

改為:When I was ten,my grandfather died。

例1. To do well in college,good grades are essential。

剖析:句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語(yǔ)不清楚。

改為:To do well in college, a student needs good grades。

5、詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為:介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用;形容詞當(dāng)副詞用;名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等。

例1. None can negative the importance of money。

剖析:negative 系形容詞,誤作動(dòng)詞。

改為:None can deny the importance of money。

6、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句:

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid。

(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好,因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?讀完上面這一句話,讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚,誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為:

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid。

例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself。

剖析:句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。

改為:We can also know society by serving it ourselves。

7、不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)

什么叫run-on sentence?請(qǐng)看下面的例句。

例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world。

剖析:這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思:“There are many ways?!?以及“We get to know the outside world。”。簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。

改為:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world。

或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world。

8、措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)

Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題,囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫,教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限,影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲,斟酌的 習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲,拿來(lái)就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。

例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution。

(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)剖析:顯然,考生把obstacles“障礙”,“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。

改為:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution。

9、累贅(Redundancy)

言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個(gè)多余的詞;寫段落沒有一個(gè)無(wú)必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組;能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如:

In spite of the fact that he is lazy,I like him。

本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語(yǔ)從句,我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”

可以改為:In spite of his laziness,I like him。

例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need。

剖析:整個(gè)句子可以大大簡(jiǎn)化。

改為:Diligent,caring people use money only to buy what they need。

10、 不連貫(Incoherence)

不連貫是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語(yǔ),或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。

例1. The fresh water,it is the most important things of the earth。

剖析:The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。

改為:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world。