6. Parrots are not just mindless mimics. Owners can teach them human language, with the parrots understanding the meaning of specific words, suggests Jonathan Balcombe, a senior research scientist for the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Balcombe told Discovery News that language-trained parrots have communicated food favorites, as well as what tastes bad, to their owners.
鸚鵡學(xué)舌并不只是簡單的無意識模仿。責(zé)任醫(yī)療醫(yī)師委員會的一位高級研究科學(xué)家喬納森·鮑爾科姆說主人可以教鸚鵡說話，而且鸚鵡可以理解這些具體單詞的意思。鮑爾科姆告訴《探索新聞》經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練的鸚鵡和主人對于食物有相通的好惡品味。

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7. Orangutans act out incredibly detailedscenarios with their bodies. “Of course what orangutans do isn’t up to Marcel Marceau," says Anne Russon, a Glendon College professor of psychology. "But they can certainly fake their own bodily signals, the essence of pantomime, and that opens up a much richer world of communication than we have believed possible."
猩猩可以通過肢體語言展現(xiàn)不可思議的具體情景。格倫登大學(xué)的一名心理學(xué)教授安妮·拉森說“猩猩的肢體表達當(dāng)然不僅僅是模仿馬歇·馬叟（法國喜劇表演藝術(shù)家）”，“而猩猩還可以偽造自己的肢體信號——肢體語言的最高境界，這幫我們開啟了交流領(lǐng)域里的一個更深層次?！?/span>

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8. Researchers have yet to fully decipher whale calls and songs, but this communication appears to be infused with detail. It's known that whales have separate vocalizations for mating, feeding and other activities. Body language is also important.
研究者們尚未完全破譯鯨的叫聲和歌聲，而這種交流方式中還有更多細(xì)節(jié)。已知鯨會發(fā)出不同的聲音，分別代表交配、覓食以及其他活動。肢體語言也很重要。

Luke Rendell, alecturer in the School of Biology at the University of St. Andrews, and colleagues studied humpback whales off the coast of New England. “Our study really shows how vital cultural transmission is in humpback populations -- not only do they learn their famous songs from each other, they also learn feeding techniques that allow them to buffer the effects of changing ecology,” Rendell told Discovery News.
圣安德魯大學(xué)生物學(xué)院的老師盧克·倫德爾及其同事對新英格蘭海岸的駝背鯨進行了研究，他告訴《探索新聞》，“我們的研究表明了文化交流在駝背鯨中是多么重要——他們不僅相互學(xué)習(xí)著名的歌曲，還相互傳授捕食技巧以應(yīng)對環(huán)境改變帶來的影響。”

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9. Kimberley Pollard, a researcher in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UCLA, and colleague Daniel Blumstein examined prairie dogs and other rodent species. The researchers found that prairie dogs all have unique voices.
加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校生態(tài)學(xué)和進化生物學(xué)系的研究專家金伯利·波拉德和他的同事丹尼爾·布盧姆斯坦對草原土撥鼠及其他嚙齒科動物進行了實驗。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的土撥鼠都有自己獨特的聲音。

“Differences in rodent voices are much like differences in human voices,” explained Pollard. “Some animals’ voices are high-pitched, others are low. Some voices are clear, others are more scratchy. Individual animals also have different timbre and use different patterns of emphasis. Each call has an animal’s unique vocal stamp on it.”
“每個嚙齒科動物都有自己獨特的聲音，就像每個人都有不同的音色一樣”，波拉德說道。“有的動物的聲音很高，有的很低，有的清透，有的渾厚。每個動物也都有不同的音色和不同的抑揚頓挫模式，每一句呼叫聲都印有每個動物的獨特印記?！?/span>

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10. Bonobos often yell out what they think of their food, with the exclamations sounding similar to those of human sounds, such as “Yum!” and “Ewww.” Klaus Zuberbühler, a professor in the School of Psychology at the University of St. Andrews, and colleague Zanna Clay found this out after testing bonobos on various foods. Figs and raisins got a lot of “Yum!” comments from the bonobos. Bell peppers received “Ewwws.”
倭黑猩猩想要食物時經(jīng)常會發(fā)出類似于人類的呼叫聲，比如“耶”和“嗯”。圣安德魯大學(xué)心理學(xué)院的克勞斯·祖波布勒教授和他的同事贊娜·克雷通過測試倭黑猩猩對各種食物的反應(yīng)得出這一結(jié)論。倭黑猩猩看到無花果和葡萄干時發(fā)出最多的“耶”聲，看到柿子椒時則發(fā)出“嗯”聲。

The scientists now think there might be a basic, universal primate call structure. Talking to the animals a la Dr. Doolittle might therefore be part of our genetic makeup.
現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為可能存在一種基本的、普遍的原始發(fā)聲結(jié)構(gòu)。杜利特爾博士說和動物說話也許是人類的部分基因使然。