1. Titi Monkeys Use Sentence-Like Order.Titi monkey-talk has just been deciphered, with researchers now comparing the communication of these small primates to those of humans. The study, published in the latest issue of Biology Letters, notes that titi alarm calls specify the type of predator, such as caracara (predatory bird) or oncilla (mammalian hunter). The calls also mention where the predator is located, such as in flight or stalking on the ground.
伶猴使用語言發(fā)出指令。專家們已經(jīng)破譯了伶猴的語言，并將這些靈長類動物的交流方式和人類語言做比較。最新一期的《生物學(xué)快報》中刊登了他們的研究結(jié)果，指出伶猴發(fā)出叫聲來區(qū)分捕食者，比如是卡拉卡拉鷹（食肉鳥類）或者小斑虎（食肉哺乳動物）。這些叫聲同時還能指出捕食者所在的位置，比如是在空中或者埋伏在大地上。

The calls are emit in an orderly sequence, similar to how humans construct sentences. Lead author Cristiane Casar of the University of St. Andrews and her colleagues report it's “the first demonstration of a sequence-based alarm call system in a non-human animal that has the capacity to encode both location and type of predatory threat”.
這些叫聲依照順序連續(xù)發(fā)出，和人類組成句子的方式類似。圣安德魯大學(xué)的首席作者克里斯汀娜·卡薩爾及其同事宣稱，這是“第一次證明有人類以外的動物發(fā)出有順序且能同時告知捕食者位置和危險類型的指令系統(tǒng)”。

2. Dolphins name themselves withsignature whistle that include other information -- such as sex, age,mating receptivity and health status. They broadcast the names when lonely for their buddies.
海豚通過具有鮮明特征的哨聲來傳遞信息，比如性別、年齡、交配意向和健康狀況。當(dāng)他們單獨和自己的同伴在一起時，他們還會互相呼喚對方的名字。

Researcher Stephanie King of the University of St. Andrews Sea Mammal Research Unit told Discovery News, “Animals produced copies when they were separated from a close associate and this supports our belief that dolphins copy another animal’s signature whistle when they want to reunite with that specific individual.”
圣安德魯斯大學(xué)海洋哺乳動物研究室的斯蒂芬妮·金研究員告訴《探索新聞》，“動物在和同伴分開后，他們會模仿對方的聲音。這也印證了我們的看法：海豚會模仿其他同類的特別聲音，從而找到想要和它重聚的另一方”。

3. Gorilla in the wild have their own detailed ways of communicating via calls, gestures,handclap and more. In captivity, gorillas can be trained to interact with humans using sign language.
生活在野外的大猩猩也有他們自己的交流方式，比如呼叫、打手勢、拍手等等。而生活在動物園的大猩猩，也能通過訓(xùn)練掌握和人類交流的手語。

A gorilla named Koko, according to The Gorilla Foundation, has “a sign language vocabulary of over 1,000 words, which she uses in complex statements and questions. Most of these signs are standard American Sign Language (ASL), but some are natural gestures (intrinsic to gorillas), some are invented (untaught) and some ASL signs are slightly modified by Koko to form what we call Gorilla Sign Language (GSL).”
據(jù)大猩猩基金會介紹，一只名叫可可的猩猩“能使用手語詞表達超過1000個單詞，用在各種復(fù)雜的陳述句和疑問句中。在這些手語中，大部分是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美國手語（即ASL），但也有很多是自然手勢（大猩猩與生俱來的），還有一些是他自創(chuàng)的（而非別人教的），另外，還有一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美國手語被可可略微改動形成了我們所說的大猩猩標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手語（即GSL）。”

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4. An Asian elephant male named Koshik can imitate human speech, according to Tecumseh Fitch of the University of Vienna and colleagues. Fitch told Discovery News that Koshik’s vocabulary so far consists of five words: annyong (hello), anja (sit down), aniya (no), nuo (lie down), and choah (good).
維也納大學(xué)的蒂卡姆西·芬奇和他的同事稱，有一頭名叫柯西卡雄性亞洲象能夠模仿人的語言。芬奇告訴《探索新聞》，柯西卡現(xiàn)在會說五個單詞：你好、坐下、不、躺下和很好。

“Some of the words were commands that Koshik learned to perform, such as ‘lie down’ and ‘sit down,’ or were given as feedback, and we have every reason to believe he understands the meaning of these words,” Fitch said.
其中的一些指令性單詞，芬奇還會表演出來，比如“躺下”和“坐下”，或者當(dāng)它聽到這些詞時會做出對應(yīng)的反饋，因此我們有充分的理由相信它是理解這些單詞的意義的。

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5. Chimpanzee communication includes a mixture of passionate gestures, vocalizations and even sign language, which are all used to get their points across with each other. The gestures frequently happen in sequence so, similar to titi monkey alarm calls, come to mirror human sentence structures.
黑猩猩的交流方式是各種熱情的姿勢、發(fā)聲和手語，他們用這些方式來讓對方明白自己的意思。這些姿勢經(jīng)常是有順序的，類似于伶猴的指令語，語句結(jié)構(gòu)也跟人類語言相似。

“There istremendous overlap in human and chimpanzee gestures,” Mary Lee AbshireJensvold, associate director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute, told Discovery News. “Many gestures that you see in chimpanzee play, such as slaps, tickles, pokes, blocks and kicks, are ones that you would see in human play. Imagine play wrestling between two humans, and you’ve imagined a scene with two chimpanzees playing.”
“在黑猩猩的手勢中，有大量與人類的手勢相似，”黑猩猩和人類交流研究所的副董事瑪麗·李·杰斯伍德如是告訴《探索新聞》，“很多黑猩猩使用的手勢在人類交流中也存在，比如：拍手、瘙癢、戳、躲避和踢打。想象一下兩個人摔跤的樣子，你很容易會聯(lián)想到黑猩猩打架的場景。