Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt (c. 3150 - 31 BC)
古埃及（公元前3150年-公元前31年）

Eyes - Lined with kohl; often wore green or blue eyeshadow
眼妝——黑色眼線；常常是藍色或綠色眼影

Lips - Popular lip colors included orange, red, blue-black, and magenta
唇部——流行的純色包括橘色、紅色、藍黑色和紫紅色

Hair - Braids framed the face
頭發(fā)——辮子襯臉型

Women in Ancient Egypt lined their eyes with kohl, a substance made of soot, metal, and fat. Kohl was thought to help prevent the eyes from blindness, and doctors carried it in their bags. Green and blue eyeshadows were made naturally, with the mineral malachite. Lipstick in ancient Egypt symbolized status - both men and women of the upper class wore it.
古埃及女性用一種由煙灰、金屬和脂肪制成的黑色眼影粉勾畫眼線。人們認為這種眼影粉可以防止失明，醫(yī)生包里都會帶這種粉。綠色和藍色眼影是由孔雀石這種礦石天然制成的。古埃及的口紅代表社會地位——上層階級的男性和女性都會抹口紅。

易詞解詞（BY 稻草人語）

symbolize

vt. 象征;用符號表現(xiàn) ?vi. 使用符號;采用象征;作為…的象征

Symbolize一詞由名詞symbol“符號，象征”加后綴-ize構(gòu)成，字面意思是【使符號化，使象征】。-ize后綴來自古希臘語，后者用在名詞或者形容詞之后，構(gòu)成使動詞。英語中也延續(xù)了這一點，于是就有了：

后綴-ize動詞 翻譯 基礎(chǔ)名詞/形容詞 翻譯
apologize 道歉 apology 歉意
authorize 授權(quán) author 權(quán)威
capitalize 資本化 capital 資本的
categorize 歸類 category 類別
characterize 描述出特性 character 特性
criticize 批評 critic 批評的
energize 使有能量 energy 能量
hypothesize 假設(shè) hypothesis 假說
jeopardize 使陷入危險 jeopardy 危險
materialize 實質(zhì)化 material 實質(zhì)的
maximize 最大化 maximum 最大的
memorize 記住 memory 記憶
mobilize 調(diào)動起來 mobil 運動的
organize 使有條理 organ 機構(gòu)
realize 使真實 real 真實的
socialize 社會化 social 社會的
specialize 專門化 special 專門的
stabilize 使穩(wěn)定 stable 穩(wěn)定
utilize 利用 util 有用的
visualize 可視化 visual 可視的

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (c. 800 - 500 BC)
古希臘（公元前800年-公元前500年）

Eyebrows – Unibrows
眉毛——眉毛連成一線

Eyeshadow - Natural shades
眼影——自然色澤

Skin – Pale
膚色——白皙

The goal of ancient Greek cosmetics was natural beauty. Unibrows were the popular eyebrow style for ancient Greek women. Those who couldn’t grow one naturally would either glue animal fur between their existing brows, or create one with kohl. Women commonly wore lead-based face cream to lighten their skin.
古希臘化妝術(shù)的目標(biāo)是自然美。眉毛連成一線是古希臘女性廣受歡迎的眉形。若是眉間無法自然連成一線，有些女性或是在眉間黏動物皮毛或是用眼影粉補上眉毛。埃及女性通常用含鉛面霜提亮膚色。

易詞解詞（BY 稻草人語）

Lighten

vt. 使（某物）更明亮 ?vi. 點亮

Lighten一詞由名詞light“光”加施動后綴-en構(gòu)成，字面意思是【使有光】，故有“點亮、使明亮”之意。英語中的后綴-en一般用在名詞之后，構(gòu)成表示相關(guān)動作的動詞概念。比如

后綴-en動詞 解釋 基礎(chǔ)名詞 解釋
happen 偶然發(fā)生 hap 偶然
hasten 催促 haste 匆忙
heighten 使變高 height 高度
lighten 使有光 light 光亮
strengthen 加強 strength 力量
threaten 使陷入威脅 threat 威脅

Elizabethan Era

Elizabethan Era (c. 1558 - 1603)
伊莉莎白時期（1558-1603）

Skin - Powdered to appear pale
皮膚——抹粉至膚色發(fā)白

Forehead - Shaved eyebrows and hairline to create a larger forehead
額頭——剃眉、剃發(fā)線讓額頭看起來更高

Lips - Lip rouge
唇部——口紅

Hair - Auburn red was a popular shade
頭發(fā)——赤赫色大熱

Queen Elizabeth I dictated style during the Elizabethan era. It was popular for women to either pluck or shave their eyebrows and hairline in order to create a higher forehead. Women wore a lead-based powder called ceruse in order to appear more pale. Since Queen Elizabeth had naturally red hair, others dyed their hair or wore wigs to match the shade.
伊莉莎白一世主宰整個伊麗莎白時期。當(dāng)時流行女性拔眉剃眉剃發(fā)線讓額頭看起來高。女性刷一種叫鉛白的含鉛粉底讓自己看起來膚色更蒼白。由于伊麗莎白一世有一頭自然的紅發(fā)，其他人也把頭發(fā)染紅或戴假發(fā)來配膚色。

India’s Gupta Age

India’s Gupta Age (c. 320 - 550 A.D.)
印度笈多時代（公元320-550年）

Eyes - Lined with kohl
眼部——眼影勾畫眼線

Hair - Often worn in a bun or braid, and decorated with fresh flowers
頭發(fā)——通常盤成圓形發(fā)髻或編成辮子并用鮮花裝飾

Skin - Married Hindu women wore a bindi during this time
皮膚——已婚婦女額前點痣

Lips - Lip rouge
嘴唇——唇膏

Indian women have lined their eyes with kohl since ancient times, and this continued during the Gupta Age. Women commonly wore their hair either in one long braid down the back, or in a low bun decorated with fresh flowers. During this period of time, the bindi was specifically worn by married Hindu women.
印度婦女自古便用眼影粉勾畫眼線，一直到多笈時代。女性通常背后拖條長辮子，或者挽一個低發(fā)髻，用鮮花作點綴。這一時期，額前點痣是印度已婚婦女特色。

Japanese Geishas

Japanese Geishas (c. mid-1700s)
日本藝妓（中世紀(jì)-18世紀(jì)）

Skin - Heavy white foundation
膚色——厚重的白色粉底

Lips - Bold red lips
唇色——大膽的紅色系

Eyes - Red and black lining around the eyes
眼睛——眼部周圍畫上紅色和黑色的眼線

Hair - Worn in a chignon; decorated with combs and hairpins
頭發(fā)——盤發(fā)髻；飾以梳子和發(fā)卡

Geishas became an integral part of Japanese society during the mid-18th century. They were - and still are - skilled entertainers who sang, played musical instruments, danced, and wrote poetry, requiring at least three years of training. Geishas at different levels of training vary in the amount of makeup they wear.
藝妓在18世紀(jì)中期成了日本社會不可分割的一部分。藝妓一直以來就是會唱會跳會樂器、會寫詩的嫻熟藝人，都受過至少三年訓(xùn)練。受不同級別訓(xùn)練的藝妓畫不同的妝。

Pre-French Revolution

Pre-French Revolution (c. 1775 - 1789)
前法國革命時期（1775 - 1789）

Skin - Powdered pale, with black beauty spots
皮膚——臉撲白，點黑色美人痣

Cheeks - Reddened by rouge
臉頰——抹腮紅

Lips - Kept shiny with grease
嘴唇——抹油脂保持唇色閃亮

Hair - Tall, extravagant, powdered white
頭發(fā)——高聳、奢華、撲白

Makeup in pre-Revolution France was highly inspired by Marie Antoinette, who reigned with her husband until the Revolution. Women powdered their face, neck, and shoulders to look as pale as possible, even drawing on blue veins to appear even more pale. Women applied black silk beauty spots of varying shapes and sizes to their faces.
前法國革命時期的妝容深受瑪麗·安東尼的啟發(fā)，直到法國大革命前，瑪麗·安東尼和她丈夫都統(tǒng)治著法國。女性抹涂臉、脖子和肩膀，看上去越蒼白越好，甚至畫上藍色的血管追求更蒼白的效果。女人會在臉上點上大小和形狀不同的黑絲美人痣。

Victorian Era

Victorian Era (c. 1837 - 1901)
維多利亞時期（1837 - 1901）

Skin - Clear, lightly powdered skin
皮膚——明亮，妝面輕薄

Cheeks - Pinched skin to create natural flush
兩頰——形容蒼白，打造自然腮紅

Hair - Long, worn up in a chignon
頭發(fā)——長發(fā)，挽發(fā)髻

Queen Victoria of England set the tone for the 19th century, publicly stating that wearing makeup was impolite. Because of this, skin was very important to Victorian beauty. Women lightly powdered their skin, but lip and cheek color was considered scandalous. Women often resorted to pinching their cheeks to gain color. A woman’s long hair was a symbol of her femininity, but hair was worn up in a chignon.
英國維多利亞女王為19世紀(jì)奠定了基調(diào)，她公開宣布粉飾是不禮貌的。正因此，皮膚在維多利亞年代時期的審美觀看來很重要。女性淡妝，但唇色和臉頰色澤被視為可恥的。女性捏臉蛋讓臉頰看起來有色澤。女人的長發(fā)被視為女性氣質(zhì)的象征，但頭發(fā)還是要挽成發(fā)髻。

Swingin’ Sixties

Swingin’ Sixties (c. 1960 - 1969)
多姿多彩的六十年代（1960 - 1969）

Lips - Paler pink lip color
唇色——淺粉的唇色

Eyes - Experimental eyeshadow colors and fake eyelashes
眼睛——革新的眼影色彩和假睫毛

Cheeks - Cheeks contoured to look hollowed
兩頰——兩頰打輪廓線看上去更凹陷

Hair - Large bouffant wigs
頭發(fā)——蓬松的大假發(fā)

The liberation movements of the 1960s created an experimental atmosphere that extended to makeup. Women wore any and every color eyeshadow, heavy eyeliner, and big false eyelashes; sometimes those lashes were a wild color, or even beaded.
20世紀(jì)60年代的自由運動創(chuàng)造的革新氛圍延生到了化妝領(lǐng)域。女性眼影色彩任意，重色調(diào)眼線，撲閃的大假睫毛，有時候睫毛色彩狂野，甚至是彩珠點綴睫毛。

China

皮膚——以白為美，一白遮百丑。中國古代美女極其重視護膚養(yǎng)顏、祛斑除皺，外敷內(nèi)用皆有（多用藥草）。

兩頰——不可缺的神器：胭脂。商代開始出現(xiàn)，紅藍花葉搗爛后取汁凝固抹臉。神器之二：白粉/米粉。春秋時期用來敷面。

耳朵——古代的耳飾品主要為玉器和珠寶。

眉毛——秦朝流行“紅妝翠眉”，漢朝流行“剃眉描眉”，唐朝流行“十眉”直到現(xiàn)代還在借鑒：鴛鴦眉、小山眉、五岱眉、三峰眉、垂珠眉、月梭眉、分梢眉、涵煙眉、拂云眉(又稱橫煙眉)、倒暈眉。

頭發(fā)——多種多樣五花八門，不同社會地位梳不同發(fā)型。