1.The following appeared in a memorandum from the head of a human resources department at a major automobile manufacturing company to the company's managers:

“Studies have found that employees of not-for-profit organizations and charities are often more highly motivated than employees of for-profit corporations to perform well at work when their performance is not being monitored or evaluated. Interviews with employees of not-for-profit organizations suggest that the reason for their greater motivation is the belief that their work helps to improve society. Because they believe in the importance of their work, they have personal reasons to perform well, even when no financial reward is present. Thus, if our corporation began donating a significant portion of its profits to humanitarian causes, our employees’ motivation and productivity would increase substantially and our overall profits would increase as well.”

【GMAT作文題目分析】

通過對(duì)非營(yíng)利(not-for-profit)組織員工激勵(lì)因素的分析，文章將員工努力工作動(dòng)因(greater motivation)歸結(jié)為某種位公益服務(wù)的信念(the belief)。進(jìn)而，建議贏利組織向非營(yíng)利組織借鑒經(jīng)驗(yàn)。原文推理線路(reasoning line)如下：

∵ not-for-profit: the belief à greater motivation (1)

又∵ not-for-profit = for-profit (2)

∴ for-profit: the belief à motivation and productivity à more profit (3)

根據(jù)推理線路，可以針對(duì)三個(gè)推理過程，依次分三個(gè)層次來尋找錯(cuò)誤：

(1)非營(yíng)利組織的因果推理 (causality)存疑：非營(yíng)利組織員工的工作動(dòng)因可能來自于其他原因，而不只是某種信念。例如，非營(yíng)利組織中的固定員工也是實(shí)行薪酬制的，所以，他們積極工作的眾多理由中，當(dāng)然包括謀生，而且，相對(duì)于賺錢盈利而言，賑災(zāi)扶貧等花錢的工作還是相對(duì)容易的。

(2)非營(yíng)利組織與營(yíng)利組織的可比性(comparability)存疑：即使該汽車制造公司將一部分利潤(rùn)投入公益，仍然不能回避這兩種組織存在的固有差異，導(dǎo)致經(jīng)驗(yàn)不可借鑒。例如，營(yíng)利組織的員工多為中青年人，生活壓力大，需要更多的是利益驅(qū)動(dòng)，來改善生活、養(yǎng)育后代;非營(yíng)利組織的員工中的志愿者多為老年人或者學(xué)生，生活壓力較小，需要的是發(fā)揮余熱或者學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

(3)營(yíng)利組織的對(duì)未來草率預(yù)期(expectation)存疑：即使投資公益能夠帶來員工工作更加積極主動(dòng)的結(jié)果，進(jìn)一步認(rèn)為這樣就能提高整體利潤(rùn)水平(overall profit)是沒有根據(jù)的。因?yàn)槔麧?rùn)等于收入減成本，而這兩個(gè)變量從原文中無從得知，所以，有可能因?yàn)檎惵实奶岣撸沟美麧?rùn)降低或持平。

【題型總結(jié)】

類比題目是GMAT作文 Argument 部分的測(cè)試重點(diǎn)，對(duì)于類比兩方中成功一方，應(yīng)首先對(duì)其經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證;然后，結(jié)合雙方可能存在的差異，說明即使經(jīng)驗(yàn)可行，也不能借鑒。

這道題最后出現(xiàn)的利潤(rùn)(profit)問題，是幾乎所有商業(yè)題材題目中都出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)容易得分的錯(cuò)誤，所以，準(zhǔn)備好一小段專門針對(duì)利潤(rùn)問題的段落，是GMAT作文備考的小竅門。