中國的環(huán)境保護問題（英漢對照）

一、實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的選擇

　　中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)是在人口基數(shù)大，人均資源少，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和科學技術(shù)水平都比較落后的條件下進行的。70年代以來，隨著中國人口的增長、經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和人民消費水平的不斷提高，使本來就已經(jīng)短缺的資源和脆弱的環(huán)境面臨著越來越大的壓力。選擇一條什么樣的發(fā)展道路，歷史地成為與當代中國人民及其子孫后代生存息息相關(guān)的重大問題。 China's modernization drive has been launched in the following conditions: The country has a large population base, its per-capita average of natural resources is low, and its economic development as well as scientific and technological level remain quite backward. Along with the growth of China's population, the development of the economy and the continuous improvement of the people's consumption level since the 1970s, the pressure on resources, which were already in rather short supply, and on the fragile environment has become greater and greater. Which road of development to choose has turned out, historically, to be an issue of paramount importance to the survival of the Chinese people as well as their posterity.

　　中國政府十分重視因人口增長和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展而出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問題，把保護環(huán)境作為提高人民生活水平和生活質(zhì)量的一個重要方面。為了促進經(jīng)濟、社會與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，中國在80年代制定并實施了一系列保護環(huán)境的方針、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the 1980s.

　　——確立環(huán)境保護為中國的一項基本國策。防治環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞以及合理開發(fā)利用自然資源關(guān)系到國家的全局利益和長遠發(fā)展，中國政府堅定不移地貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護這項基本國策。-- Making environmental protection one of China's basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection.

　　——制定經(jīng)濟建設(shè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)和環(huán)境建設(shè)同步規(guī)劃、同步實施、同步發(fā)展，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟效益、社會效益、環(huán)境效益相統(tǒng)一的指導(dǎo)方針，實行“預(yù)防為主，防治結(jié)合”、“誰污染，誰治理”和“強化環(huán)境管理”三大政策。-- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental management.''

　　——頒布實施環(huán)境保護的法律法規(guī)，把環(huán)境保護建立在法制的基礎(chǔ)上，不斷完善環(huán)境法律體系，嚴格執(zhí)法程序，加大執(zhí)法力度，保證環(huán)境法律法規(guī)的有效實施。-- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations.

　　——堅持環(huán)境保護納入國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展計劃，實施國家指導(dǎo)下的宏觀調(diào)控與管理，逐步增加對環(huán)境保護的投入，使環(huán)境保護與各項建設(shè)事業(yè)統(tǒng)籌兼顧，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。-- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development.

　　——建立健全各級政府的環(huán)境保護機構(gòu)，形成比較完善的環(huán)境管理體制，充分發(fā)揮環(huán)境監(jiān)督管理的作用。-- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and administration.

　　——加速環(huán)境科學技術(shù)的進步。加強基礎(chǔ)理論研究，組織科技攻關(guān)，開發(fā)和推廣防治環(huán)境污染的實用技術(shù)，扶植環(huán)境保護產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，初步形成了環(huán)境保護科研體系。-- Accelerating progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system.

　　——開展環(huán)境宣傳教育，提高全民族的環(huán)境意識。廣泛進行環(huán)境宣傳，逐步普及中小學環(huán)境教育，發(fā)展環(huán)境保護在職教育和專業(yè)教育，培養(yǎng)環(huán)境科學技術(shù)和管理方面的專門人才。-- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the environment. Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environ"imen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental administration.

　　——推進環(huán)境保護領(lǐng)域的國際合作。積極發(fā)展同世界各國和國際組織在環(huán)境與發(fā)展方面的交流與合作，認真履行國際環(huán)境公約，努力發(fā)揮中國在國際環(huán)境事務(wù)中的作用。-- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for China's role in global environmental affairs.

　　進入90年代，國際社會與世界各國在探索解決環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題的道路上邁出了重要一步。1992年6月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會把可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為未來共同的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，得到了與會各國政府的普遍贊同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the conference.

　　1992年8月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會之后，中國政府提出了中國環(huán)境與發(fā)展應(yīng)采取的十大對策，明確指出走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路是當代中國以及未來的必然選擇。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future.

　　1994年3月，中國政府批準發(fā)布了《中國21世紀議程 ——中國21世紀人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展白皮書》，從人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展的具體國情出發(fā)，提出了中國可持續(xù)發(fā)展的總體戰(zhàn)略、對策以及行動方案。有關(guān)部門和地方也分別制定了實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的行動計劃。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated China's Agenda 21 -- White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the country's specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward China's overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The various departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development.

　　1996年3月，第八屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議審議通過的《中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展“九五”計劃和2010年遠景目標綱要》，把實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的一項重大戰(zhàn)略，使可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在中國經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和社會發(fā)展過程中得以實施。

At its Fourth Session in March 1996 China's Eighth National People's Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2010. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of China's economic construction and social development.

二、逐步完善的法律體系與管理體制

　　中國重視環(huán)境法制建設(shè)，目前已經(jīng)形成了以《中華人民共和國憲法》為基礎(chǔ)，以《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法》為主體的環(huán)境法律體系。

　　《中華人民共和國憲法》規(guī)定：“國家保護和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境，防治污染和其他公害?！薄皣冶Ｕ献匀毁Y源的合理利用，保護珍貴的動物和植物。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。”

　　《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法》是中國環(huán)境保護的基本法。該法確立了經(jīng)濟建設(shè)、社會發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的基本方針，規(guī)定了各級政府、一切單位和個人保護環(huán)境的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。

　　中國針對特定的環(huán)境保護對象制定頒布了多項環(huán)境保護專門法以及與環(huán)境保護相關(guān)的資源法，包括：《水污染防治法》、《大氣污染防治法》、《固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》、《海洋環(huán)境保護法》、《森林法》、《草原法》、《漁業(yè)法》、《礦產(chǎn)資源法》、《土地管理法》、《水法》、《野生動物保護法》、《水土保持法》、《農(nóng)業(yè)法》等。

　　中國政府還制定了《噪聲污染防治條例》、《自然保護區(qū)條例》、《放射性同位素與射線裝置放射防護條例》、《化學危險品安全管理條例》、《淮河流域水污染防治暫行條例》、《海洋石油勘探開發(fā)環(huán)境保護管理條例》、《海洋傾廢管理條例》、《陸生野生動物保護實施條例》、《風景名勝區(qū)管理暫行條例》、《基本農(nóng)田保護條例》、《城市綠化條例》等30多件環(huán)境保護行政法規(guī)。此外，各有關(guān)部門還發(fā)布了大量的環(huán)境保護行政規(guī)章。

　　中國地方人民代表大會和地方人民政府為實施國家環(huán)境保護法律，結(jié)合本地區(qū)的具體情況，制定和頒布了600多項環(huán)境保護地方性法規(guī)。

　　環(huán)境標準是中國環(huán)境法律體系的一個重要組成部分，包括環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準、污染物排放標準、環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)標準、樣品標準和方法標準。環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準、污染物排放標準分為國家標準和地方標準。到1995年底，中國頒布了364項各類國家環(huán)境標準。中國法律規(guī)定，環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準和污染物排放標準屬于強制性標準，違反強制性環(huán)境標準，必須承擔相應(yīng)的法律責任。

　　在建立健全環(huán)境法律體系的過程中，中國把環(huán)境執(zhí)法放在與環(huán)境立法同等重要的位置，連續(xù)4年開展了全國環(huán)境執(zhí)法檢查，對污染和破壞環(huán)境的行為進行嚴肅查處，對環(huán)境違法犯罪行為進行嚴厲打擊。中國十分重視人民群眾和新聞輿論對環(huán)境違法行為的監(jiān)督，開辟了人民群眾反映環(huán)境問題的渠道，加強了新聞媒介對環(huán)境違法行為的揭露和曝光。

　　應(yīng)該指出的是，中國的環(huán)境法制建設(shè)還需要進一步完善，如某些方面存在著立法空白、有些法律的內(nèi)容需要補充和修改、有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴的現(xiàn)象等。因此，繼續(xù)加強環(huán)境法制建設(shè)仍是一項重要的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。

　　中國同樣重視環(huán)境管理體制建設(shè)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)建立起由全國人民代表大會立法監(jiān)督，各級政府負責實施，環(huán)境保護行政主管部門統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理，各有關(guān)部門依照法律規(guī)定實施監(jiān)督管理的體制。

　　全國人民代表大會設(shè)有環(huán)境與資源保護委員會，負責組織起草和審議環(huán)境與資源保護方面的法律草案并提出報告，監(jiān)督環(huán)境與資源保護方面法律的執(zhí)行，提出同環(huán)境與資源保護問題有關(guān)的議案，開展與各國議會之間在環(huán)境與資源保護領(lǐng)域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大會也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境與資源保護機構(gòu)。

　　國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護委員會由國務(wù)院有關(guān)部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員組成，是國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護工作的議事和協(xié)調(diào)機構(gòu)。其主要任務(wù)是：研究和審議國家環(huán)境保護與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的方針、政策和措施，指導(dǎo)并協(xié)調(diào)解決有關(guān)的重大環(huán)境問題，監(jiān)督檢查各地區(qū)、各部門貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護法律法規(guī)的情況，推動和促進全國環(huán)境保護事業(yè)的發(fā)展。省、市、縣人民政府也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護委員會。

　　國家環(huán)境保護局是國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護行政主管部門，對全國環(huán)境保護工作實施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理。省、市、縣人民政府也相繼設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護行政主管部門，對本轄區(qū)的環(huán)境保護工作實施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理。目前，中國縣級以上環(huán)境保護行政主管部門有2500多個，從事環(huán)境行政管理、監(jiān)測、監(jiān)理、統(tǒng)計、科學研究、宣傳教育等的總?cè)藬?shù)達8.8萬人。

　　中國各級政府的綜合部門、資源管理部門和工業(yè)部門也設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護機構(gòu)，負責相應(yīng)的環(huán)境與資源保護工作。中國多數(shù)大中型企業(yè)也設(shè)有環(huán)境保護機構(gòu)，負責本企業(yè)的污染防治以及推行清潔生產(chǎn)。目前，各部門和企業(yè)的各類環(huán)境保護人員已達20多萬人。

China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the main body.

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates, ``The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards,'' and ``The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohib"iited.''

The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. The law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection.

China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law.

The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Pro"ivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection.

To implement the state's environmental protection laws and regulations, people's congresses and people's governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental protection.

Environmental standards are an important component of China's environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for methodology. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility.

In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law violations. China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment -- it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking activities.

But it should be pointed out that China's environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task.

China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National People's Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the law.

The National People's Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The people's congresses of some provinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection organizations.

The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Council's consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection work. Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the country's economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protection undertakings throughout the country. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also established corresponding environmental protection committees.

The National Environmental Protection Agency is the competent environmental protection administration agency under the State Council, whose task it is to exercise overall supervision and administration over the country's environ"imen tal protection work. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also successively established environmental protection administration departments to carry out overall supervision and administration of the environ"imen tal protection work in their localities. At present, there are nationwide more than 2,500 environmental protection administration departments above the county level with a total staff of 88,000 engaged in environmental administration, monitoring, inspection and control, statistics collection, scientific research, pub"ilicity and education.

Environmental protection organizations have also been established in comprehensive administration departments, resources administration departments and industrial departments under governments at various levels to take charge of related environmental and resources protection work. Most of China's large and medium-sized enterprises have also set up environmental protection organizations responsible for their own anti-pollution work and the promotion of cleaner production. At present, the total number of various types of environmental protection workers employed by the various departments and enterprises exceeds 200,000.