PETS五級(jí)語(yǔ)法精講（三）

序號(hào) 用法特點(diǎn) 舉 例
1 前面要加the He’s always the first to get to meeting-room.
2 前面用a/an表“又一，再一” He’d better try a fourth time.

(五)介詞
1.介詞的概念及分類：介詞是一種虛詞，不能單獨(dú)在句中充當(dāng)成分，要與賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)才可在句中充當(dāng)成分。介詞按形式分為簡(jiǎn)單介詞、復(fù)合介詞、短語(yǔ)介詞、特殊介詞和雙重介詞。

分類 例 詞
按
形
式
分 簡(jiǎn)單介詞 at, about, above, after, as, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, off, of, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, under, until, up, besides, between, beyond, with, across, against, along, among, around, before, behind, below, beside
復(fù)合介詞 inside, outside, onto, into, toward(s), upon, within, without
短語(yǔ)介詞 along with, together with, according to, ahead of, as for, as to, because of, due to, except for, owing to, out of, up to, by means of, by the side of, by way of, in front of, in spite of, as far as
特殊介詞 concluding, regarding, considering, save
雙重介詞 until after, until before, Saturday, except, on duty
按
功
能
分 空間（地方、位置、方向、范圍、界限、包括、排除） about, above, across, after, against, along, among, (a)round, at, before, behind, with, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, upon, save, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, on, out of, outside, over, past, through, throughout, towards, under, up
時(shí)間 after, before, as, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, over, past, till, until, up to, within, through, throughout
原因理由根源（目的，內(nèi)容等） about, according to, as, because of，due to，owing to，on acount of, from, of, on, with, regarding, concerning, considering, through, by, under, for

2．容易混淆的介詞：

區(qū)別 講解 例句
表
時(shí)
間
的
介
詞 at, on, in at表示“在幾點(diǎn)幾分”（單位最?。?；on表示“在具體的某一天或某天上午（下午晚上等）”；
in表示“在幾天、周、月、年”。 I get up at six o’clock.
It happened on a spring morning.
There are seven days in a week.
in the morning / evening / afternoon；at noon / night / dawn / sunrise / sunset / lunch / dinner / supper, etc.
during, for, in for后加一個(gè)“表時(shí)間段的具體單位（常用復(fù)數(shù)）”；during強(qiáng)調(diào)“持續(xù)”或“某活動(dòng)”期間；in指在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)。 She has lived here for six years.
He was in English during the war.
In those days he was poor.
till, until till/until構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)修飾“持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”，“非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞”要用“否定式”。 They waited till/until 10:00.
They didn’t leave until/till 10:00.
after, since “after+時(shí)刻或時(shí)段”，“…以后”，終點(diǎn)時(shí)間在過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)；而“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”，“自從…以來(lái)”，終點(diǎn)在說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻。 She’ll be back after eight o’clock.
She’s lived here since 2002.
in, after “in+時(shí)段”，“…以后”，用于將來(lái)時(shí)；“after+時(shí)刻或時(shí)段”，“…以后”可用于將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)。 He’ll leave after 11:00.
He left after 11:00.
She left after a few hours.
She’ll be back in half an hour.
表
空
間
位
置
及
方
向
方
位
的
介
詞 at, on, in at指一個(gè)“點(diǎn)”或“小地方”；
in指一個(gè)“地區(qū)”或“大地方”空間內(nèi)；on在某一平面或線上面。 They arrived at the village at ten.
Your pencil is in the desk.
Your pencil is on the desk.
on, above, over on“與物體接觸”反義詞為“beneath”；over“在…正上方”反義為“under”；above“在…的上方”反義詞為“below”。 There’s a book on the desk and a pen beneath the book.
There’s a lamp over the desk and a bag under the table.
Jack’s bedroom is above mine on the second floor.
over, across, through across“表面跨過(guò)”；
through“從中間或從頭至尾穿過(guò)”；
over“從上空越過(guò)”。 He’s swimming across the river.
They walked through the forest.
A plane is flying over the city.
at, beside, by, next to, near at靠得“最近”；
beside“在并排一條線上”；
by“在并排一條線上”；
next to“在順序上緊靠旁邊”；
near 靠得“最遠(yuǎn)”，不表明確方向或順序。 Let’s meet at the school gate.
The building beside the library is the shopping center.
The boy standing by my side is from Shanghai.
Who’s sitting next to/beside Mr.Steve?
about, round, around. about表示周圍是隨意的，不規(guī)則的；round或around(二者無(wú)多大差別)的周圍則是較完整的一個(gè)圈。 Don’t leave the toys about the meeting-room.
They are sitting round/around the table.
to, for, at to “運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向，目的地”；
for “動(dòng)身出發(fā)的目的地”；
at “有意攻擊的目標(biāo)”。 Throw it to me.
He’ll leave for Shanghai.
He threw the ball at that boy.
up, down up指“往上，往北，大地方，靠攏”；
down指“向下，往南，向小地方，往開(kāi)走”但在一市區(qū)，去中心區(qū)用down,去郊區(qū)等用up。 They are going up the hill.
They are going down river.
I’m going down town shopping.
on, in, to in表“在某地區(qū)內(nèi)”；
on表“接壤”；
to表“在某地區(qū)以外”。 Shanghai is in the south of China.
Hunan lies on the north of Guangdong.
Xichang lies to the south west of Chengdu.
between,among between指“兩者之間”；
among指“在三者以上之間”。 There’s a river between the two villages.
There’s a small house among the trees.
besides
except
except for
except that
but
but for besides“除…之外還有，”實(shí)際不排除；
except“除…外”表“排除”，不放在句首；
except for表整體肯定補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)，表除去整體中的一部分；
except that“除了…外”，后接從句；
but通常與all, no, every, where, who what及有些它們的合成詞連用；but for“要不是”，后面句子常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 I love music besides sports.
The house is never used except in winter.
The bus is empty except for an old woman.
I don’t know Peter except that he’s an Japanese.
There’s nothing but a chair in the room.
But for your help,I wouldn’t have finished my homework.
表
原
因
的
介
詞 of
for
from/out of
from
at of常與fond, proud, tired連用表情緒上的原因；
for表獎(jiǎng)懲痛苦出名的原因，或內(nèi)在心里的原因；
from/out of“出于某需要，動(dòng)機(jī)，認(rèn)識(shí)”等原因；
from還可指自然，直接的原因；
at常指感情上的原因。 I’m proud of having you as a friend.
He’s famous for his writing.
They are suffering from starvation.
She fell ill from drinking unclean water.
His mother is angry at his laziness.
表
方
式
的
介
詞 by
on/in
with
in
through by表“用交通工具”或表“發(fā)出某動(dòng)作”；
on/in表用某交通工具；
with用具體的“工具、材料”或伴隨“抽象事物”；
in用原料或語(yǔ)言；
through通過(guò)具體過(guò)程，途徑，手段，中介。 I go to school by bus.
I go to school on a bike.
I write with a pen.
Can you say it in English?
I learned it through a friend.

(六)形容詞、副詞
1．形容詞修飾名詞/代詞；副詞修飾形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，在句中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。
序號(hào) 功用 詞類 位置用法 例詞/例句
1 定語(yǔ) 形容詞 在中心詞前 He’s a small Japanese boy.
副詞 在中心詞后 I’ve got used to the life here.
2 狀語(yǔ) 形容詞 句首/中，表原因/時(shí)間
句末/中，表伴隨/結(jié)果 Tired and thirsty, we stopped to have a rest.
He lay in bed, awake.
副詞 在被修飾詞前、后修飾全句，位置靈活 You are quite right.
Sometimes he goes to school on foot.
3 表語(yǔ) 形容詞
副詞 系動(dòng)詞后 He is tired.
They are out.
4 補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 形容詞 作主補(bǔ)在謂語(yǔ)后
作賓補(bǔ)在賓語(yǔ)后 The little boy was found dead.
He find it very useful.
副詞 作主補(bǔ)在謂語(yǔ)后
作賓補(bǔ)在賓語(yǔ)后 She was seen out.
Let me show you out.

注意：
（1）the/these/those+形容詞表示一類人/物；成對(duì)的形容詞這樣用時(shí)可省去the。
The rich are not always happy.
High and low all like this flower.
（2）“enough足夠的”作定語(yǔ)時(shí)既可放在中心詞前也可放在中心詞后；但作副詞時(shí)只能后置。
We have enough food to eat.
We have food enough to eat.
It’s warm enough.
（3）許多以前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞常作后置定語(yǔ)，這樣的形容詞有：awake, alone, alive, afraid, alike, asleep, ashamed等。
It is a book worth reading.
Do you know the man asleep over there?
（4）形容詞修飾由some/any/no/every與one/body/thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，要后置。
I have something important to tell you.
（5）形容詞（與其他詞組/語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的）短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。
English is a language difficult to master.
（6）幾個(gè)副詞作狀語(yǔ)并列時(shí)，位置一般按方式→地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間順序排列。
He came here by air yesterday.
（7）幾個(gè)形容詞并列作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，并列的詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，最后兩個(gè)詞之間用and(but/yet)等連接，并列詞的先后順序較靈活（有時(shí)將強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞放在最后）。
He is tall,dark and handsome.

2. 形容詞、副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成及形式：

規(guī)

則

變

化 構(gòu) 成 形 式
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)以-er, -ow, -le, -y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞 一般 tall 加-er taller 加-est tallest
以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾 noble 加-r nobler 加-st noblest
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié) wet
big 雙寫(xiě)最后輔音字母再加-er wetter
bigger 雙寫(xiě)最后輔音字母再加-est wettest
biggest
輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞 easy
heavy 改y為i再加-er easier
heavier 改y為i再加-est easiest
heaviest
多音節(jié)詞，多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞及部分加-ly等變來(lái)或由分詞變來(lái)的詞 delicious
slowly
tired
tiresome 詞前加more more delicious
more slowly
more tired
more tiresome 詞前加most most delicious
most slowly
most tired
most tiresome
不

規(guī)

則

變

化 good
well better best
bad/ill
badly worse worst
many
much more most
little less least
old elder eldest
older oldest
far farther farthest
further furthest
late later latest
latter last