一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點

概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，
即"過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）"。
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那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在
構(gòu)成：過去完成時由"助動詞 had + 過去分詞"構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.
二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)
1. 由時間狀語來判定
一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：
（ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由"過去的過去"來判定。
過去完成時表示"過去的過去"，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：
（ 1 ）賓語從句中
當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本...，未能..."
?We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、過去完成時的主要用法
1.過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在"過去的過去"。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動作發(fā)生在"過去的過去"）
2.過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是"過去的過去"，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如：
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )
3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如：
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4.過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如：
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能）

四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為"助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞"；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調(diào)"過去的過去"，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。試比較：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。
- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。
- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（"等"的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）
- John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。
- Where had he been?
他去哪兒了？（答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即"過去的過去"）

五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：
1.時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)"過去的過去"；而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如：
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.

專項練習(xí)題：
漢譯英
1.到上學(xué)期你們學(xué)會了多少首歌？
2.到昨天晚上，他把這篇課文讀了三遍。
3.十點鐘前，我們到達了車站。
4.在他上中學(xué)之前，已學(xué)會了兩百多個英語單詞。
5.當(dāng)我們到達電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開始五分鐘了。
6.昨天找看見李平了。自從我們離開北京，就一直沒有見面。
7.我昨天沒有給魏華那本書，因為她已經(jīng)為自己買了一本。
8.他問李先生是否已經(jīng)回來了
9.我聽說他住那五年了。

［參考答案］
1. How many songs had you learned by the end of last term?
［注］兩個時間點的比較。
2. By yesterday evening, he had read the text three times.
［注］兩個時間點的比較。
3. We had got to the station before 10:00.
［注］兩個時間點的比較。
4. He had learned two hundred English words before he went to middle school.
［注］兩個事件的比較。
5.When we got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes.
［注］兩個事件的比較。
6. I saw Li Ping yesterday. We had not seen each other since we left Beijing.
［注］兩個事件的比較。
7. I did not give the book to Wei Hua yesterday, because she had already bought a copy for herself.
［注］兩個事件的比較。
8. He asked if Mr Li had already come back.
［注］兩個事件的比較。
9. I heard he had lived there for five years.
［注］兩個事件的比較。
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