過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示句子中描述的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：由 had 加動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。

過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法，有以下幾種：
(1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”?？梢杂胋y,
before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示，還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來(lái)的圖片。
(2)表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車來(lái)的時(shí)候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說(shuō)自從1949年以來(lái)他就在那家工廠工作。
(3)敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后，反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my
lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
(4)在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過(guò)去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
(5)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說(shuō)他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
(6)在包含有when,until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來(lái)時(shí)雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。
(7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean,plan,intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來(lái)打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。
(8)過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了

例句：
1. All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived.
他們到達(dá)時(shí),所有的票已經(jīng)售完.(過(guò)去完成時(shí))
2. They said that they had sketched out their work plan.
(過(guò)去完成時(shí)主動(dòng)態(tài))他們說(shuō),他們已經(jīng)擬定了工作計(jì)劃.
3. The present and past perfect tenses both belong to the perfect tense.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)都屬于完成時(shí)態(tài).
4. They said that production costs had been reduced.
(過(guò)去完成時(shí))他們說(shuō)生產(chǎn)成本已經(jīng)下降了.
5. She said she would come as soon as she had done her work.
要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí).
6. Eric died a few days ago and these years, he had lived as a recluse.
埃里克幾天前死了,這些年來(lái), 埃里克都是過(guò)著隱士生活. (過(guò)去完成時(shí))
7. When I arrived, they already put the fire out.
我到達(dá)時(shí), 他們已經(jīng)把火撲滅了. (不可用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí))
8. Past simple or present perfect?
一般過(guò)去時(shí)還是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?
9. Several outcome measures were applied, and the results were compared with findings in previously described cohorts.
多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),偶爾也會(huì)用到完成時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí).一般用過(guò)去時(shí)敘述研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)、作過(guò)程和方法 、 到的結(jié)果等等.
10. The teacher said the assignment would have been handed in before next week.
(過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí))老師說(shuō)作業(yè)在下周前交.