中華人民共和國(guó)民法通則

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

《中華人民共和國(guó)民法通則》已由中華人民共和國(guó)第六屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第四次會(huì)議于一九八六年四月十二日通過(guò)，現(xiàn)予公布，自一九八七年一月一日起施行。

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by? on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

目 錄

Contents

?

第一章 基本原則

?

Chapter I Basic Principles

?

第二章 公民（自然人）

?

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)

?

第一節(jié) 民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力

?

Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct

?

第二節(jié) 監(jiān)護(hù)

?

Section 2 Guardianship

?

第三節(jié) 宣告失蹤和宣告死亡

?

Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death

?

第四節(jié) 個(gè)體工商戶、農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營(yíng)戶

?

Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households

?

第五節(jié) 個(gè)人合伙

?

Section 5 Individual Partnership

?

第三章 法人

?

Chapter III Legal Persons

?

第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定

?

Section 1 General Stipulations

?

第二節(jié) 企業(yè)法人

?

Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person

?

第三節(jié) 機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和社會(huì)團(tuán)體法人

?

Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal Persons

?

第四節(jié) 聯(lián)營(yíng)

?

Section 4 Economic Association

?

第四章 民事法律行為和代理

?

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency

?

第一節(jié) 民事法律行為

?

Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts

?

第二節(jié) 代理

?

Section 2 Agency

?

第五章 民事權(quán)利

?

Chapter V Civil Rights

?

第一節(jié) 財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)和與財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)有關(guān)的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)

?

Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights

?

第二節(jié) 債權(quán)

?

Section 2 Creditors' Rights

?

第三節(jié) 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)

?

Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights

?

第四節(jié) 人身權(quán)

?

Section 4 Personal Rights

?

第六章 民事責(zé)任

?

Chapter VI Civil Liability

?

第一節(jié) 一般規(guī)定

?

Section 1 General Stipulations

?

第二節(jié) 違反合同的民事責(zé)任

?

Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract

?

第三節(jié) 侵權(quán)的民事責(zé)任

?

Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights

?

第四節(jié) 承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的方式

?

Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability

?

第七章 訴訟時(shí)效

?

Chapter VII Limitation of Action

?

第八章 涉外民事關(guān)系的法律適用

?

Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners

?

第九章 附則

?

Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

?

第一章 基本原則

?

Chapter I Basic Principles

?

第一條 為了保障公民、法人的合法的民事權(quán)益，正確調(diào)整民事關(guān)系，適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)發(fā)展的需要，根據(jù)憲法和我國(guó)實(shí)際情況，總結(jié)民事活動(dòng)的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，制定本法。

?

Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist modernization.

?

第二條 中華人民共和國(guó)民法調(diào)整平等主體的公民之間、法人之間、公民和法人之間的財(cái)產(chǎn)關(guān)系和人身關(guān)系。

?

Article 2 The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons.

?

第三條 當(dāng)事人在民事活動(dòng)中的地位平等。

?

Article 3 Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.

?

第四條 民事活動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循自愿、公平、等價(jià)有償、誠(chéng)實(shí)信用的原則。

?

Article 4 In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.

?

第五條 公民、法人的合法的民事權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)，任何組織和個(gè)人不得侵犯。

?

Article 5 The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.

?

第六條 民事活動(dòng)必須遵守法律，法律沒(méi)有規(guī)定的，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守國(guó)家政策。

?

Article 6 Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state policies.

?

第七條 民事活動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重社會(huì)公德，不得損害社會(huì)公共利益，破壞國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃，擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。

?

Article 7 Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social economic order.

?

第八條 在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的民事活動(dòng)，適用中華人民共和國(guó)法律，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。

?

Article 8 The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by law.

?

本法關(guān)于公民的規(guī)定，適用于在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的外國(guó)人、無(wú)國(guó)籍人，法律另有規(guī)定的除外。

?

The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by law.

?

第二章 公民（自然人）?

?

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)

?

第一節(jié) 民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力

?

Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.

?

第九條 公民從出生時(shí)起到死亡時(shí)止，具有民事權(quán)利能力，依法享有民事權(quán)利，承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)。

?

Article 9 A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with the law.

?

第十條 公民的民事權(quán)利能力一律平等。

?

Article 10 All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.

?

第十一條 十八周歲以上的公民是成年人，具有完全民事行為能力，可以獨(dú)立進(jìn)行民事活動(dòng)，是完全民事行為能力人。

?

Article 11 A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.

?

十六周歲以上不滿十八周歲的公民，以自己的勞動(dòng)收入為主要生活來(lái)源的，視為完全民事行為能力人。

?

A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with full capacity for civil conduct.

?

第十二條 十周歲以上的未成年人是限制民事行為能力人，可以進(jìn)行與他的年齡、智力相適應(yīng)的民事活動(dòng)；其他民事活動(dòng)由他的法定代理人代理，或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。

?

Article 12 A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.

?

不滿十周歲的未成年人是無(wú)民事行為能力人，由他的法定代理人代理民事活動(dòng)。

?

A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad litem.

?

第十三條 不能辨認(rèn)自己行為的精神病人是無(wú)民事行為能力人，由他的法定代理人代理民事活動(dòng)。

?

Article 13 A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad litem.

?

不能完全辨認(rèn)自己行為的精神病人是限制民事行為能力人，可以進(jìn)行與他的精神健康狀況相適應(yīng)的民事活動(dòng)；

?

A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his mental health;?

?

其他民事活動(dòng)由他的法定代理人代理，或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。

?

in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.

?

第十四條 無(wú)民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監(jiān)護(hù)人是他的法定代理人。

?

Article 14 The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be his agent ad litem.

?

第十五條 公民以他的戶籍所在地的居住地為住所，經(jīng)常居住地與住所不一致的，經(jīng)常居住地視為住所。

?

Article 15 The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.

?

第二章 公民（自然人） 第二節(jié) 監(jiān) 護(hù)

?

Section 2 Guardianship

?

第十六條 未成年人的父母是未成年人的監(jiān)護(hù)人。

?

Article 16 The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.

?

未成年人的父母已經(jīng)死亡或者沒(méi)有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的，由下列人員中有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的人擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人：

?

If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to be a guardian shall act as his guardian:

?

（一）祖父母、外祖父母；

?

(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;

?

（二）兄、姐；

?

(2) elder brother or sister; or

?

（三）關(guān)系密切的其他親屬、朋友愿意承擔(dān)監(jiān)護(hù)責(zé)任，經(jīng)未成年人的父、母的所在單位或者未成年人住所地的居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)同意的。

?

(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence.?

?

對(duì)擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人有爭(zhēng)議的，由未成年人的父、母的所在單位或者未成年人住所地的居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)在近親屬中指定。對(duì)指定不服提起訴訟的，由人民法院裁決。

?

In case of a dispute over guardianship, the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.

?

沒(méi)有第一款、第二款規(guī)定的監(jiān)護(hù)人的，由未成年人的父、母的所在單位或者未成年人住所地的居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)或者民政部門(mén)擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人。

?

If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.

?

第十七條 無(wú)民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的精神病人，由下列人員擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人：

?

Article 17 A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:

?

（一）配偶；

?

(1) spouse;

?

（二）父母；

?

(2) parent;

?

（三）成年子女；

?

(3) adult child;

?

（四）其他近親屬；

?

(4) any other near relative;

?

（五）關(guān)系密切的其他親屬、朋友愿意承擔(dān)監(jiān)護(hù)責(zé)任，經(jīng)精神病人的所在單位或者住所地的居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)同意的。

?

(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence.

?

對(duì)擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人有爭(zhēng)議的，由精神病人的所在單位或者住所地的居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)在近親屬中指定。對(duì)指定不服提起訴訟的，由人民法院裁決。

?

?In case of a dispute over guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.

?

沒(méi)有第一款規(guī)定的監(jiān)護(hù)人的，由精神病人的所在單位或者住所地的居民委員會(huì)、村民委員會(huì)或者民政部門(mén)擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人。

?

If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.

?

第十八條 監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)，保護(hù)被監(jiān)護(hù)人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)及其他合法權(quán)益，除為被監(jiān)護(hù)人的利益外，不得處理被監(jiān)護(hù)人的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

?

Article 18 A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person, property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's interests.

?

監(jiān)護(hù)人依法履行監(jiān)護(hù)的權(quán)利，受法律保護(hù)。

?

A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law shall be protected by law.

?

監(jiān)護(hù)人不履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)或者侵害被監(jiān)護(hù)人的合法權(quán)益的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任；給被監(jiān)護(hù)人造成財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償損失。

?

If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for such loss.?

?

人民法院可以根據(jù)有關(guān)人員或者有關(guān)單位的申請(qǐng)，撤銷(xiāo)監(jiān)護(hù)人的資格。

?

The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the application of a concerned party or unit.

?

第十九條 精神病人的利害關(guān)系人，可以向人民法院申請(qǐng)宣告精神病人為無(wú)民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人。

?

Article 19 A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.

?

被人民法院宣告為無(wú)民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人的，根據(jù)他健康恢復(fù)的狀況，經(jīng)本人或者利害關(guān)系人申請(qǐng)，人民法院可以宣告他為限制民事行為能力人或者完全民事行為能力人。

?

With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct, and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for civil conduct.

?

第三節(jié) 宣告失蹤和宣告死亡

?

Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death

?

第二十條 公民下落不明滿二年的，利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請(qǐng)宣告他為失蹤人。

?

Article 20 If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as missing.

?

戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間下落不明的，下落不明的時(shí)間從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束之日起計(jì)算。

?

If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the final day of the war.