2002 Text 1??

　　If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.

　　Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."

　　If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

　　If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.

　　Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

41. To make your humor work, you should ________.
　　[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
　　[B] make fun of the disorganized people
　　[C] address different problems to different people
　　[D] show sympathy for your listeners

42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
　　[A] impolite to new arrivals
　　[B] very conscious of their godlike role
　　[C] entitled to some privileges
　　[D] very busy even during lunch hours

43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
　　[A] have benefited many people
　　[B] are the focus of public attention
　　[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
　　[D] have often been the laughing stock

44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
　　[A] in well-worded language
　　[B] as awkwardly as possible
　　[C] in exaggerated statements
　　[D] as casually as possible

45. The best title for the text may be ________.
　　[A] Use Humor Effectively
　　[B] Various Kinds of Humor
　　[C] Add Humor to Speech
　　[D] Different Humor Strategies

重點(diǎn)詞匯：

identify /ai5dentifai/ （辨別；視為同一）即ident+ify，ident詞根“同一”，-ify動(dòng)詞后綴“使……”；identification（識(shí)別；身份證明）←identify去y加-ication名詞后綴；identical（同一的）←ident+ical形容詞后綴。Any man over thiry identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何過(guò)了三十歲的人都把自己的青年時(shí)代視為自認(rèn)所能犯下的最大錯(cuò)誤。

relevant /5relivEnt/ （相關(guān)的；意義重大的）即re+lev+ant，re-前綴，lev詞根“升，舉”，-ant形容詞后綴，故“從……升起的”→“源自……的”→相關(guān)的。同根詞：elevate（升舉，提高）←e+lev+ate；elevator（電梯，升降機(jī)）←e+lev+at(e)+or。The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.對(duì)于一個(gè)人道的未來(lái)，知識(shí)的發(fā)現(xiàn)與運(yùn)用一直是關(guān)系重大的。

sympathy /5simpEWi/ （n.同情；共鳴）即sym+path+y，sym-（=syn-，在p前n變形為m以方便發(fā)音，前綴“同”），path詞根“感情”，-y抽象名詞后綴；sympathize/sympathise（v.同情；共鳴），-ize/-ise為動(dòng)詞后綴；sympathetic（同情的；共鳴的）←sym+path+etic形容詞后綴。Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人類心中僅次于愛(ài)的最神圣的情感。Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success.人人都能同情朋友的痛苦，然而共享朋友的成功需要非常優(yōu)良的品性。To be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而無(wú)識(shí)別力是多么虛弱。Reading is not merely sympathizing and understanding; it is also criticizing and judging.閱讀不僅是同情與理解，也是批評(píng)與判斷。

alternatively /R:l5t\:nEtivli/ （二者擇一地；另外）←alter改變+nat(e)+ive+ly；alternative（二者擇一的；供選擇的事物）←alter+nat(e)+ive；alternate（v.交替；交替的）←alter+nate。Love's alternate joy and woe.愛(ài)情就是交替的歡樂(lè)與痛苦。The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可選擇的東西越多，就越難選擇。guangxian注：哲學(xué)家布里丹的虛擬驢子在兩堆等距離等體積的谷堆面前餓死。

convention /kEn5venFEn/ （大會(huì)；慣例；公約）即con+ven(t)+tion，con-一起，ven(t)來(lái)，-tion名詞后綴，故“人們來(lái)到一起”→開(kāi)“大會(huì)”，而“大會(huì)制定的規(guī)則”即是“公約”，公約遵守時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了就成為“慣例”。The danger doesn't lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危險(xiǎn)不在于革命的臆測(cè)的災(zāi)難，而在于阻礙進(jìn)步的成規(guī)。

stomp /stCmp/ （n.v.重踏）←stamp（郵票；標(biāo)志）也有相同含義，想象“猛蓋郵戳”→重踏。

appropriate /E5prEupriit/ （適當(dāng)?shù)模┘?/span>ap+propri+ate，ap-前綴加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，propri看作proper（適當(dāng)?shù)模?/span>-ate后綴；inappropriate /7inE5prEupriit/ （不適當(dāng)?shù)模?/span>in否定前綴+appropriate。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性藥物對(duì)于重病是非常適宜的?！@句話是西方醫(yī)學(xué)之父希波克拉底說(shuō)的。

inedible /in5edibl/ （不可食的）←in否定前綴+ed(=eat)+ible能……的。

resent /ri5zent/ （v.憤怒、怨恨）即re+sent，re（=against反對(duì)），sent（=sense感覺(jué)），于是“在感覺(jué)上反對(duì)”→憤恨。People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人們所不滿的往往是太少，而不是沒(méi)有。

disparaging /dis5pAridViN/ （輕視的）←dis否定前綴+par平等+ag(e)后綴+ing后綴。

scapegoat /5skeip^Eut/ （替罪羊）可這樣記：escape（n.v.逃跑）←e+scape，把e看作ex-，則scape就是沒(méi)有“離開(kāi)”的→“逃不掉的”→“留下來(lái)替罪的”，于是scape+goat→替罪羊。與“羊”有關(guān)的另一習(xí)語(yǔ)：black sheep（害群之馬；敗家子），源自諺語(yǔ)There is a black sheep in every flock.

casual /5kAVjuEl/ （偶然的；漫不經(jīng)心的）即cas降落+ual后綴；casualty（嚴(yán)重意外事故；傷亡者）←cas+ual+ty名詞后綴。As sheer casual reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作為純粹隨意瀏覽的讀物，我還是覺(jué)得英語(yǔ)詞典是以我們的語(yǔ)言寫成的最有趣的書。

off-the-cuff 即席的。

deliver /di5livE/ （v.傳遞；釋放；發(fā)表；分娩）即de+liver，de-前綴“使”，liver(=liber)詞根“自由”，于是從“使自由”推出deliver的各項(xiàng)含義；delivery /di5livEri/ （傳遞）←deliver+y名詞后綴。Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊，解放不能自拔的我吧。The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is television's eyewitness picture, the task of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的時(shí)代遠(yuǎn)未結(jié)束。盡管廣播新聞傳遞迅速，電視現(xiàn)場(chǎng)畫面生動(dòng)，補(bǔ)充事件含義進(jìn)而澄清事實(shí)的任務(wù)仍舊是迫切的。

light-hearted 輕松愉快的。

familiar /fE5miljE/ （熟悉的；親近的）即famil(y)+iar形容詞后綴，“感覺(jué)像家一樣的”；familiarity（熟悉）←familiar+ity名詞后綴。The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new.作家最吸引人的兩種力量，是使新鮮的事物變得熟悉，和使熟悉的事物變得新鮮。familiarity — the opiate of the imagination 熟悉——想象力的麻醉劑。

exaggeration /i^7zAdVE5reiFEn/ （夸張）←ex加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣+agger堆積+ation名詞后綴；exaggerate（夸張）←ex+agger+ate動(dòng)詞后綴。We exaggerate misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我們同樣夸大了。我們從不像我們所說(shuō)的那么痛苦，也從不那么快樂(lè)。exaggeration — a truth that has lost its temper 夸張——發(fā)脾氣的真理。

understatement /QndE5steitmEnt/ （掩飾；輕描淡寫的陳述）←under+statement；反義詞：overstatement（夸大的陳述）←over+statement。

privilege /5privilidV/ （n.優(yōu)惠；特權(quán)v.給予優(yōu)惠或特權(quán)）即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)詞根“私人的”，leg詞根“法律”（如legal“法律的；合法的”←leg+al），e為小詞，于是“私人的法律”→特權(quán)。To have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.變得更加深謀遠(yuǎn)慮是受過(guò)磨難的人的特權(quán)。

effectively /i5fektivli/ （有效地）即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前綴表“加強(qiáng)”，fect詞根“做”，-ive形容詞后綴，-ly副詞后綴；去ly即為形容詞effective。The most effective water power in the world — women's tears.世界上最有效的水力——女人的眼淚。effective communication — 20 per cent what you know and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交際——20%你所了解的東西加80%你對(duì)所了解的東西的感受。

難句解析：

①Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
▲該句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜單句，句子的主語(yǔ)是your humor，后面有兩個(gè)平行的謂語(yǔ)must be和should help，它們后面分別有其賓語(yǔ)。其中should help后面的賓語(yǔ)是不定式to show，而它的賓語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜，是兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句：that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中間用or連接。
△本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)明，只需注意show them后面是兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句就可以了。后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中有個(gè)很有用的詞組in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、贊同。

②If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.
▲if引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)條件從句，而后面的主句是兩個(gè)子句構(gòu)成的并列句。在第一個(gè)子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you中又有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句which are common to all of you來(lái)修飾the experiences and problems，而后面的子句的結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。
△要看懂本句，重點(diǎn)在于要把后面的兩個(gè)子句斷開(kāi)，并分別理解。

③Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
▲該句是一個(gè)祈使句。謂語(yǔ)是include，賓語(yǔ)是remarks，后面有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾它。
△注意該句的特性。另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。

④Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
▲整句可以看成是由so連接的并列句，前后有一定的因果關(guān)系。前面的子句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面又是一個(gè)祈使句，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是speak和remember。而remember后面又是一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
△要理解前后的因果關(guān)系。

試題解析：

41. [C]
　　此題較容易，區(qū)分度好。
　　本題考的是局部信息。考生只要看懂了第一段第三句話“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different”以及后面的supporting evidence，就能夠準(zhǔn)確地回答本題。

42. [B]
　　此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度不太理想。
　　本題的關(guān)鍵是看學(xué)生是否理解第二段結(jié)尾St．Peter的話。有42.8％的考生選C項(xiàng)是因?yàn)闆](méi)有理解St．Peter的話，而把注意力放在了醫(yī)生的所作所為上，即醫(yī)生把新來(lái)的人推到一邊，沖到隊(duì)伍的最前面等等，因而給人一種他享有特權(quán)的印象。

43. [D]
　　此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
　　本題的關(guān)鍵是第三段的最后一句話，意思是：你去開(kāi)郵局或電話系統(tǒng)（即public services）的玩笑則比較安全，不會(huì)有冒犯什么人的危險(xiǎn)，同時(shí)本句中還出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞“scapegoats”，說(shuō)明public services常常成為人們的笑柄。

44. [D]
　　此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
　　本題主要考第四段的內(nèi)容。其中有一些關(guān)鍵詞，如：“natural”，“relaxed”，“unforced”，“light-hearted”等。只要考生看懂了這些詞的意思，這道題就很容易了。

45. [A]
　　此題的難度合適，區(qū)分度好。
　　這道題考的是對(duì)全文的理解，是一道總括題。答總括題需要利用全文的信息。從全文各段的內(nèi)容來(lái)看，文章主要是講如何有效地使用幽默。采用排除法很容易確定本題的答案。

全文翻譯：

　　如果你想在談話中用幽默來(lái)使人發(fā)笑，你就必須知道如何識(shí)別共同的經(jīng)歷和共同的問(wèn)題。你的幽默必須與聽(tīng)眾有關(guān)，能夠向他們顯示你是他們的一員，或者你了解他們的情況，同情他們的觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)與你談話的不同對(duì)象，問(wèn)題也有所不同。如果你在和一群經(jīng)理談話，你就可以評(píng)論他們秘書的工作方法紊亂；相反，如果你在和一群秘書談話，你就可以評(píng)論她們老板的工作方法紊亂。
　　下面舉一個(gè)例子，它是我在一個(gè)護(hù)士大會(huì)上聽(tīng)到的。這個(gè)故事效果很好，因?yàn)槁?tīng)眾對(duì)醫(yī)生都有同樣的看法。一個(gè)人到了天堂，由圣彼得帶著他參觀。他看到了豪華的住宅、美麗的花園、晴朗的天氣等等。所有人都很安靜、禮貌和友善，然而當(dāng)這位新來(lái)的人在排隊(duì)等候午餐時(shí)，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只見(jiàn)這人擠到了隊(duì)伍的前頭，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若無(wú)人地走到一張餐桌旁?！斑@是誰(shuí)啊？”新來(lái)的人問(wèn)圣彼得，“哦，那是上帝，”他回答說(shuō)，“但有時(shí)也認(rèn)為自己是一名醫(yī)生?！?/span>
　　如果你是你談話對(duì)象集體中的一員，你就能夠了解你們所共有的經(jīng)歷和問(wèn)題，你就可對(duì)餐廳極難吃的食物或者總裁在選擇領(lǐng)帶方面差勁的品味進(jìn)行評(píng)頭論足。而對(duì)于其他聽(tīng)眾，你就不能試圖貿(mào)然地講這種幽默，因?yàn)樗麄円苍S不喜歡外人對(duì)他們的餐廳或總裁有如此微詞。如果你選擇去評(píng)論郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊，那你就會(huì)很安全。
　　如果你在幽默時(shí)感到很別扭，你應(yīng)該進(jìn)行練習(xí)使它變得更自然。包括一些很隨便的、看上去是即興的話，你可以用輕松的、不做作的方式把它們說(shuō)出來(lái)。常常是你說(shuō)話的方式使聽(tīng)眾發(fā)笑，因此說(shuō)慢一些，并且記住揚(yáng)揚(yáng)眉毛或者做出一種不相信的表情都會(huì)向人們顯示你正在說(shuō)笑話。
　　留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一開(kāi)始不成功，就放棄”，或者是玩弄語(yǔ)言和情景。留意夸張和打折扣的話。考慮一下你的談話，選出一些詞匯和句子，顛倒它們的秩序，并注入一些幽默。