黑暗版考研英語(yǔ)歷年閱讀真題解析 2003
2003 Text 3??
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.
[A] cost reduction is based on competition
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat
52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________.
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business
54. The word "arbiters" (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________.
[A] who work as coordinators
[B] who function as judges
[C] who supervise transactions
[D] who determine the price
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________.
[A] the continuing acquisition
[B] the growing traffic
[C] the cheering Wall Street
[D] the shrinking market
merge /mE:dV/ （v.合并）比emerge（v.出現(xiàn)；形成）少首字母e，merger /5mE:dVE/ （n.合并）←merge+r名詞后綴。
monopoly /mE5nCpEli/ （n.壟斷；專利權(quán)）即mono+poly，mono-前綴“單獨(dú)的”，poly（詞根=sell）可看作play，于是“一個(gè)人玩”→壟斷。動(dòng)詞為monopolize←mono+pol(y)+ize動(dòng)詞后綴。含前綴mono-的單詞另如：monotonous（單調(diào)的）←mono+ton調(diào)+ous形容詞后綴；monoxide（一氧化物）←mon(o)+ox氧+ide化合物；monocracy（獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治）←mono+cracy統(tǒng)治。Liberty and monopoly cannot live together.自由與壟斷不能并存。monopoly — business at the end of its journey 壟斷——窮途末路的商業(yè)。
substantial /sEb5stAnFEl/ （實(shí)質(zhì)的；堅(jiān)固的；富裕的）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+antial形容詞后綴。名詞為substance（物質(zhì)；實(shí)質(zhì)；財(cái)產(chǎn)）←sub+st+ance。Every person born in the USA is endowed with life, liberty and a substantial share of the national debt.生在美國(guó)的每個(gè)人都被賦予生命、自由和國(guó)債的大量份額。
reduction /ri5dQkFEn/ （減少）←re(=back)+duc引導(dǎo)+tion名詞后綴；reduce /ri5dju:s/ （v.減少；還原）←re+duce。同根詞：deduce（v.演繹）←de(=away)+duce；deduction（演繹；推論）←de+duc+tion。The tendency of modern science is to reduce proof to absurdity by continually reducing absurdity to proof.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的趨勢(shì)，是以不斷地把謬論化為證明來(lái)使證明淪為謬論。reducing diet — the taming of the chew 節(jié)食——馴服咀嚼。
coordinate /kEu5C:dinit/ （使協(xié)調(diào)；同等的；坐標(biāo)的；坐標(biāo)）即co+ordin+ate，co-前綴=together，ordin詞根意為“in order”，-ate后綴，于是“按次序擺在一起”→使協(xié)調(diào)；“按次序擺在一起的”→同等的。coordination（協(xié)調(diào)；同等）←co+ordin+ation名詞后綴；coordinator /kEu5C:dineitE/ （協(xié)調(diào)者；同等的人或物）←co+ordin+at(e)+or人或物。
fierce /fiEs/ （激烈的；兇猛的）The fiercest agonies have shortest reign.最強(qiáng)烈的痛苦持續(xù)時(shí)間最短。
compete /kEm5pi:t/ （v.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；競(jìng)賽）即com+pet+e，com-前綴“一起”，pet（本為詞根，此不論）寵物，“在一起爭(zhēng)寵”；competition /kCmpi5tiFEn/ （競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；競(jìng)賽）←com+pet+ition名詞后綴；competitor /kEm5petitE/ （競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者）←com+pet+itor后綴表“人”。Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers — and never succeeding.藝術(shù)就是與鮮花之美競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的不斷努力——而且從未成功。The biggest things are always the easiest to do because there is no competition.最大的事總是最容易做的事，因?yàn)椴淮嬖诟?jìng)爭(zhēng)。
shipper /5FipE/ 托運(yùn)者，貨主。
consolidation /kEn7sCli5deiFEn/ （鞏固，加強(qiáng)）←con(=together)+solid堅(jiān)固+ation名詞后綴，動(dòng)詞為consolidate←con+solid+ate。
captive /5kAptiv/ （a.被俘虜?shù)?/span>n.俘虜）←capt抓+ive后綴。You're not free until you've been made captive by supreme belief.在被至上的信仰俘獲之前，你不是自由的。
discrimination /dis7krimi5neiFEn/ （辨別；歧視）即dis分離+crimin+ation名詞后綴，crimin可看作criminal（罪犯）→要把罪犯“辨別”開來(lái)，但不可“歧視”；動(dòng)詞為discriminate←dis+crimin+ate。discriminate between 區(qū)分，辨別；discriminate against 歧視，不一樣對(duì)待。
switching /5switFiN/ （n.開關(guān)；轉(zhuǎn)換）←switch+ing，switch（v.n.開關(guān)；轉(zhuǎn)換），-ing后綴。When the man you like switches from what he said a year ago, or four years ago, he is a broadminded person who has courage enough to change his mind with changing conditions. When a man you don't like does it, he is a liar who has broken his promises.當(dāng)你喜歡的人改變一年前或四年前的說(shuō)法時(shí)，他是個(gè)有足夠勇氣隨時(shí)修正意見的坦蕩的人；當(dāng)你不喜歡的人這么做，他就是個(gè)食言的騙子。I find television very educational. Every time someone switches it on I go into another room and read a good book.我發(fā)現(xiàn)電視有很好的教育功能。因?yàn)槊看斡腥舜蜷_電視，我就跑到另外的房間去讀一本好書。
subscribe /sEb5skraib/ （v.訂購(gòu)；捐助；簽署；贊成）即sub在下面+scribe寫→“在下面寫上自己的名字”，名詞為subscription；同根詞describe（v.描述）即de向下+scribe寫→“寫下來(lái)”，名詞為description。subscriber — someone who wants to read the same every morning, but on freshly printed paper 捐款者——每天早上都想讀到同一內(nèi)容的人，但要在新印的報(bào)紙上。
flourish /5flQriF/ （v.繁榮）即flour+ish動(dòng)詞后綴，flour為詞根=flower，也可看作單詞“面粉”→“使像面粉一樣撒得到處都是”→繁榮。The sciences are of sociable disposition, and fourish best in the neighborhood of each other.各門科學(xué)性喜交際，因而在相鄰地帶最為繁榮。
arbiter /5B:bitE/ （仲裁者，權(quán)威人士）可參arbitrary（任意的，專斷的）記憶，動(dòng)詞為arbitrate（仲裁）。arbiter — ①the only man who is completely satisfied with the final settlement ②a man who listens to both sides, studies the evidence, and then mispronounces judgment 仲裁者——①唯一對(duì)最后解決方案完全滿意的人 ②聆聽雙方陳說(shuō)，研究證據(jù)，最后誤讀判決的人。
fortune /5fC:tFEn/ （運(yùn)氣；財(cái)富）可看作for+tune，爭(zhēng)取“運(yùn)氣”與“財(cái)富”是為了(for)生活的和諧(tune)。Every man is the artisan of his own fortune.每個(gè)人都是制造其自身命運(yùn)的工匠。Honesty is incompatible with amassing a large fortune.誠(chéng)實(shí)與積聚大量財(cái)產(chǎn)是不相容的。
invest /in5vest/ （v.投資）←in+vest，in在里面，vest看作單詞“馬甲”，“投資大量金錢生產(chǎn)馬甲”。It is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor man to begin investing at all.富人投資并變得更加富有，要比窮人能夠開始投資容易得多。
attitude /5Atitju:d/ （態(tài)度；看法；姿勢(shì)）與latitude（緯度）一起記：因?yàn)椤皯B(tài)度”的“態(tài)”拼音聲母為t，故attitude雙寫t；因?yàn)椤熬暥取笔菢?biāo)示在一根根與赤道平行的拉(la)長(zhǎng)的緯線上的，故latitude以la開頭。Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal respect for all men.文明是一種生活方法，一種對(duì)所有的人同樣尊重的態(tài)度。
apprehensive /7Apri5hensiv/ （有理解力的；憂慮的）←ap(=to)+prehen抓+sive形容詞后綴，名詞為apprehension（理解；憂慮）←ap+prehen+sion；同根詞：comprehensive（能理解的；廣泛的）、comprehension（理解；包含）。
難句解析：
①But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
▲本句是由三個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的，分別由but和and兩個(gè)連接詞連接。第一個(gè)分句中complain的后邊跟了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
△閱讀逗號(hào)較多的句子時(shí)，抓出其中的連詞也是一種方法。雖然本句話看上去較亂，但是抓住了but和and層次感也就出來(lái)了?！?/span>have... by the throat”在此處譯為“卡住……的脖子，主宰……”。
②Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
▲本句是由三個(gè)分句構(gòu)成的，分別由but和and兩個(gè)連接詞連接。第一個(gè)分句較長(zhǎng)，可以縮句為shippers have the right。shipper的后邊跟了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
△本句的結(jié)構(gòu)與上句非常相像。閱讀的時(shí)候建議還是先抓出兩個(gè)連詞，然后再各個(gè)分句逐個(gè)擊破。
③If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue，shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
▲這是一個(gè)由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。主句的主干是shippers would do so。Shipper的后邊接了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)的后邊是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。
△最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)的后邊有兩個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞，但是用法有所不同。leaving sb. to do sth.這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。而remaining這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)作customers的定語(yǔ)，可以譯為“剩余的客戶”。
④It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
▲本句是由but連接的兩個(gè)分句。第一個(gè)分句的主干部分是It's theory，后邊緊跟了一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。but后邊的分句的主語(yǔ)是it，謂語(yǔ)是leave。determining的后邊接了兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句：which companies will flourish and which will fail。
△要注意subscribe的用法，它作“訂閱”或“訂購(gòu)”意思講的時(shí)候，是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面應(yīng)該接to，比如：subscribe to China Daily，此處應(yīng)該引申譯為“采取”(adopt)；它作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)候表示“捐獻(xiàn)”，比如：subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity。
試題解析：
這是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類的文章。在文章中，作者對(duì)鐵路行業(yè)中并購(gòu)的狀況和趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了觀察，闡述了并購(gòu)支持者和鐵路托運(yùn)商對(duì)鐵路行業(yè)壟斷的不同看法，以及他們對(duì)并購(gòu)可能帶來(lái)的影響的看法?？忌鷮?duì)這類題材也許不太熟悉。但是，經(jīng)濟(jì)是社會(huì)生活的一個(gè)重要組成部分，是考生在生活中不可避免的話題。而且，這篇文章的專業(yè)性并不強(qiáng)，題目也都是從語(yǔ)言理解能力方面考查，所以這篇文章是符合大綱要求的。
這篇文章的語(yǔ)言不難，存在一些生詞，但是生詞的數(shù)量并沒有超出大綱允許的范圍。實(shí)際上，在真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，我們?cè)陂喿x中總會(huì)碰到生詞，即使是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人們也是如此?？忌鷳?yīng)該掌握這樣的閱讀能力，即在不認(rèn)識(shí)一些詞語(yǔ)的情況下，通過(guò)上下文來(lái)推斷和猜測(cè)詞義以讀懂文章。這種能力是實(shí)際語(yǔ)言環(huán)境要求我們掌握的。
這篇文章的幾個(gè)文字難點(diǎn)是：“merge”，“'captive' shipper”等?！?/span>merge”一詞雖未列入大綱詞匯表，對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)生詞，但是考生可以通過(guò)上下文理解它的含義。文章的第一句是：“In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems...”，從“combining with each other”我們可以猜出“merging”的意思是“合并”?！?/span>shipper”一詞是動(dòng)詞“ship”（意思是“to send [esp. a large article] to a distant place by post or other means”，“運(yùn)送”）加上后綴“er”構(gòu)成的，表示“托運(yùn)貨物的人”或稱“貨主”，在文中指的是依靠鐵路運(yùn)輸貨物的商家，鐵路公司的客戶?！?/span>captive”的原義為“被俘虜?shù)摹?，引申義為“受限制的”。這兩個(gè)詞在大綱上都已列出，考生應(yīng)能通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí)猜測(cè)、引申出它們的含義。
這篇文章5個(gè)小題除第52小題較難外，其他小題都屬中等難度的題目。
51. [C]
該小題考查的是考生對(duì)具體信息的理解能力。
題目問(wèn)的是并購(gòu)支持者為什么認(rèn)為鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)不會(huì)形成壟斷。答案要在第二段的前半段中找，后半段說(shuō)的是貨主們的觀點(diǎn)。支持者認(rèn)為：“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”，意思是：因?yàn)橐涂ㄜ嚕ㄖ腹愤\(yùn)輸）競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，所以不存在壟斷的可能。所以C選項(xiàng)最符合文章的意思。
A項(xiàng)不對(duì)，文章說(shuō)支持者認(rèn)為合并能降低成本，與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)沒有關(guān)系。
B項(xiàng)沒有根據(jù)。
D項(xiàng)把主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)弄反了，而且也不是支持者的觀點(diǎn)，所以也是錯(cuò)誤的。
該小題屬中等難度，區(qū)分度很好。
52. [D]
上題問(wèn)的是支持者的觀點(diǎn)，本題問(wèn)的是貨主的態(tài)度，要求考生根據(jù)文中所提供的線索做判斷。
通過(guò)文章中幾處對(duì)托運(yùn)商的描述，如：“But many shippers complain that...”（第2段），“Many captive shipper also worry...”（第5段），“Many captive shippers fear that...”（第5段），我們可以判斷出貨主的態(tài)度是憂慮的，對(duì)未來(lái)的狀況憂心忡忡。所以D選項(xiàng)是正確的。
較多的考生選擇的是C。C項(xiàng)的含義是“憤怒的”。這篇文章是論說(shuō)性的文章，反映的是各方對(duì)鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)合并的趨勢(shì)和前景的看法。文中的許多描述用的是將來(lái)時(shí)，因?yàn)槭菍?duì)未來(lái)的推測(cè)。文中并沒有線索說(shuō)明貨主們有強(qiáng)烈的敵對(duì)情緒，C項(xiàng)言過(guò)其實(shí)了。
該題的難度值較低。
53. [C]
該小題考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。
A項(xiàng)正好與原文意思相反。從第三段第二句中，我們得知鐵路公司合并后，鐵路公司向貨主們收取的費(fèi)用是以前的20％至30％，所以，應(yīng)該是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”。
B項(xiàng)缺乏依據(jù)，所以也是不對(duì)的。
C項(xiàng)是正確的，因?yàn)槲恼吕镎f(shuō)到：貨主們?nèi)粽J(rèn)為鐵路公司收費(fèi)不合理，可以向聯(lián)邦政府的機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)降低收費(fèi)。但是，因?yàn)樯暝V的過(guò)程耗時(shí)費(fèi)錢，所以極少人提出申訴。由此，我們可以推斷出受到剝削的貨主們不大可能提出申訴。
D項(xiàng)說(shuō)的是政府能保證鐵路行業(yè)內(nèi)的公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這種說(shuō)法缺乏依據(jù)。事實(shí)上，由于貨主們申訴的困難大，大多數(shù)情況下政府部門根本管不著。
該小題屬中等難度偏易的題目。
54. [B]
該小題考查的是考生猜測(cè)生詞詞義的能力。
“arbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”?？忌梢酝ㄟ^(guò)上下文猜測(cè)到這個(gè)含義。這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)在第四段的最后一句，其實(shí)它要表述的內(nèi)容已在前一句體現(xiàn)了：“It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”。由此，我們可以猜測(cè)出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”，就可得出答案B。
考生應(yīng)知道，語(yǔ)言交流中，重復(fù)是一種常用的修辭手段，以強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)信息或觀點(diǎn)。文章中也常會(huì)利用重復(fù)手法。所以，考生猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)不應(yīng)只限于一個(gè)句子，而應(yīng)從上下文尋找線索。
D項(xiàng)雖有“determine”一詞，但是意思不對(duì)。文中說(shuō)的意思是，因?yàn)殍F路對(duì)不同的顧客收取的費(fèi)用不同，這種不公平使鐵路公司無(wú)形中決定了托運(yùn)商的命運(yùn)（一些托運(yùn)商的花費(fèi)就會(huì)比其他托運(yùn)商的高出很多，從而影響了他們的效益），所以鐵路公司就好比是商場(chǎng)中的裁判，能決定誰(shuí)贏誰(shuí)輸。D項(xiàng)的含義不準(zhǔn)確。
該題屬中等難度的題目，區(qū)分度較好。
55. [A]
該小題問(wèn)的是鐵路成本提高的主要原因，考查的是考生對(duì)文中因果關(guān)系的把握。
最后一段以具體事例說(shuō)明，鐵路公司并購(gòu)需要借很多的資金，是鐵路公司目前的收入遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能填補(bǔ)的。所以，鐵路的經(jīng)營(yíng)成本提高。A是正確的。
至于B項(xiàng)，文中提到鐵路公司還沒有足夠的錢去增加投資，以滿足快速發(fā)展的交通的需要，但是，這并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，文章的重點(diǎn)并不在此。
C、D項(xiàng)都毫無(wú)依據(jù)，都是錯(cuò)誤的。
該小題屬中等難度的題目。
全文翻譯：
近年來(lái)，鐵路公司相互聯(lián)合，組成了超大型集團(tuán)，引起人們對(duì)壟斷行為的極大關(guān)注。近至1995年，四家大型鐵路公司占有整個(gè)鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)的約70％。到明年，一系列兼并活動(dòng)完成之后，四家鐵路公司將控制90％以上的鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)。
支持組建超大型鐵路集團(tuán)的人認(rèn)為，兼并將帶來(lái)成本的大幅降低，服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的更好協(xié)調(diào)。他們認(rèn)為，在公路運(yùn)輸?shù)募ち腋?jìng)爭(zhēng)面前，壟斷的威脅已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。但許多客戶卻抱怨說(shuō)，對(duì)于依賴長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪?lái)說(shuō)，如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食，由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大，這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)“掐他們的脖子”。
鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)內(nèi)的大規(guī)模聯(lián)合意味著多數(shù)客戶將會(huì)依賴一家公司的服務(wù)。通常，鐵路公司對(duì)這些“被控”客戶的收費(fèi)要比有另一鐵路公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)多20％～30％。如果客戶感到他們被多收費(fèi)，他們有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的“陸路運(yùn)輸局”以爭(zhēng)取價(jià)格下調(diào)。但這個(gè)過(guò)程耗財(cái)、耗時(shí)，并且只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
鐵路公司對(duì)“被控”客戶進(jìn)行區(qū)別對(duì)待的依據(jù)是，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，這樣做會(huì)降低所有人的成本。他們認(rèn)為，如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格的話，那么，可以使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移，使剩下的客戶來(lái)承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開銷。這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同，但在實(shí)際操作中，它使鐵路公司獲得了一個(gè)決定誰(shuí)敗誰(shuí)榮的權(quán)利?！拔覀兪欠裾娴南胱岃F路公司成為在市場(chǎng)上決定誰(shuí)敗誰(shuí)榮的裁決者呢？”馬丁·貝科維奇問(wèn)道。他是一位常常代表鐵路客戶的華盛頓律師。
許多“被控”客戶還擔(dān)心他們很快將遭遇一輪新的大幅漲價(jià)。從整體來(lái)說(shuō)，雖然鐵路行業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn)，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。然而鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來(lái)進(jìn)行相互兼并，而華爾街也鼓勵(lì)它們這樣做。請(qǐng)想一想今年南諾弗克公司和CSX公司為兼并康雷爾公司所花的102億美元吧?？道谞柟?/span>1996年鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)純收入為4.27億美元，這還不足這宗交易運(yùn)作成本的一半。誰(shuí)來(lái)支付其余的費(fèi)用？許多“被控”客戶擔(dān)心他們會(huì)，因?yàn)槟现Z弗克和CSX公司將增加對(duì)市場(chǎng)的控制。
