威廉·莎士比亞簡(jiǎn)介

威廉·莎士比亞(William Shakespeare,1564-1616),英國(guó)文學(xué)史上最杰出的戲劇家,也是西方文藝史上最杰出的作家之一,全世界最卓越的文學(xué)家之一。他流傳下來(lái)的作品包括38部戲劇、154首十四行詩(shī)、兩首長(zhǎng)敘事詩(shī)和其他詩(shī)歌。戲劇創(chuàng)作是莎士比亞主要的成就。

正如許多作家一樣,他的創(chuàng)作也分為三個(gè)階段:前期是浪漫的、激情的、樂(lè)觀的;中期則表現(xiàn)為現(xiàn)實(shí)的、深沉的、憂(yōu)憤的;到了晚年,又帶上對(duì)來(lái)世彼岸的神秘性思考,表現(xiàn)為悠遠(yuǎn)的、宗教的、虛無(wú)的。

William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry".

In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.

莎士比亞在世時(shí)被尊為詩(shī)人和劇作家,但直到19世紀(jì)他的聲望才達(dá)到今日的高度。并在20世紀(jì)盛名傳至亞洲,非洲,拉丁美洲三大洲。浪漫主義時(shí)期贊頌莎士比亞的才華,維多利亞時(shí)代像英雄一樣地尊敬他,被蕭伯納稱(chēng)為莎士比亞崇拜。20世紀(jì),他的作品常常被新學(xué)術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)改編并重新發(fā)現(xiàn)價(jià)值。至今他的作品直至今日依舊廣受歡迎,在全球以不同文化和政治形式演出和詮釋。

相關(guān)閱讀:

十分鐘了解英語(yǔ)歷史:莎士比亞>>>

揭秘大文豪莎士比亞的另一面:大地主?無(wú)良奸商?>>>

安妮-海瑟薇老公酷似莎士比亞 網(wǎng)友戲稱(chēng)愛(ài)情前世今生>>>

代表作品:

四大悲劇:《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)、《奧賽羅》(Othello)、《麥克白》(Macbeth)、《李爾王》(King Lear)。

四大喜?。骸锻崴股倘恕罚═he Merchant of venice)、《仲夏夜之夢(mèng)》(A Midsummer Night's Dream)、《皆大歡喜》(As You Like It)、《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night)。

歷史?。?《亨利四世》、《亨利五世》、《亨利六世》、《亨利八世》、《約翰王》、《理查二世》、《理查三世》。

十四行詩(shī):莎士比亞十四行詩(shī)大約創(chuàng)作于1590年至1598年之間,其詩(shī)作的結(jié)構(gòu)技巧和語(yǔ)言技巧都很高,幾乎每首詩(shī)都有獨(dú)立的審美價(jià)值。莎士比亞在運(yùn)用這個(gè)詩(shī)體時(shí),極為得心應(yīng)手,主要表現(xiàn)為語(yǔ)匯豐富、用詞洗練、比喻新穎、結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙、音調(diào)鏗鏘悅耳。而其最擅長(zhǎng)的是最后兩行詩(shī),往往構(gòu)思奇詭,語(yǔ)出驚人,既是全詩(shī)點(diǎn)睛之作,又自成一聯(lián)警語(yǔ)格言。在英國(guó)乃至世界十四行詩(shī)的創(chuàng)作中,莎士比亞十四行詩(shī)是一座高峰,當(dāng)?shù)闷鹂涨敖^后的美稱(chēng)。共154首。

莎翁名言:

Things base and vile, holding no quantity, love can transpose to from and dignity: love looks not with the eyes, but with mind. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)
卑賤和劣行在愛(ài)情看來(lái)都不算數(shù),都可以被轉(zhuǎn)化成美滿(mǎn)和莊嚴(yán):愛(ài)情不用眼睛辨別,而是用心靈來(lái)判斷/愛(ài)用的不是眼睛,而是心?!吨傧囊怪畨?mèng)》

Love is blind and lovers cannot see the pretty follies that themselves commit. (A Merchant of Venice 2.6)
愛(ài)情是盲目的,戀人們看不到自己做的傻事?!锻崴股倘恕?/div>

All that glisters is not gold. (A Merchant of Venice 2.7)
閃光的并不都是金子?!锻崴股倘恕?/div>

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet. (Romeo and Juliet 2.2)
名字中有什么呢?把玫瑰叫成別的名字,它還是一樣的芬芳。/名稱(chēng)有什么關(guān)系呢?玫瑰不叫玫瑰,依然芳香如故。——《羅密歐與朱麗葉》

This above all: to thine self be true. (Hamlet 1.3)
最重要的是,你必須對(duì)自己忠實(shí)?!豆防滋亍?/div>

Brevity is the soul of wit. (Hamlet 2.2)
簡(jiǎn)潔是智慧的靈魂,冗長(zhǎng)是膚淺的藻飾。/言貴簡(jiǎn)潔?!豆防滋亍?/div>

There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. (Hamlet 2.2)
世上之事物本無(wú)善惡之分,思想使然。/沒(méi)有什么事是好的或壞的,但思想?yún)s使其中有所不同?!豆防滋亍?/div>

To be or not to be: that is a question. (Hamlet 3.1)
生存還是毀滅,這是個(gè)值得考慮的問(wèn)題?!豆防滋亍?/div>

Love’s not love when it is mingled with regards that stands aloof from th’entire point. (King Lear 1.1)
愛(ài)情里面要是攙雜了和它本身無(wú)關(guān)的算計(jì),那就不是真的愛(ài)情?!独顮柾酢?/div>

Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once. (Julius Caesar 2.2)
懦夫在未死以前就已經(jīng)死了好多次;勇士一生只死一次,在一切怪事中,人們的貪生怕死就是一件最奇怪的事情?!秳P撒大帝》/《英雄叛國(guó)記》

Men’s judgments are a parcel of their fortunes; and things outward do draw the inward quality after them, to suffer all alike. (Antony and Cleopatra 3.13)
智慧是命運(yùn)的一部分,一個(gè)人所遭遇的外界環(huán)境是會(huì)影響他的頭腦的?!栋矕|尼和克里奧帕特拉》

銀幕上的莎士比亞

《莎翁情史》的拍攝起源其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單,編劇兼制片馬克諾曼的兒子在學(xué)校研究伊麗莎白一世時(shí)期的劇作,他曾問(wèn)父親莎翁撰寫(xiě)《羅密歐與朱麗葉》的靈感來(lái)自何方,他認(rèn)為那一定是個(gè)墜入愛(ài)河的人所寫(xiě)的,于是就衍生出這個(gè)有趣的電影。

莎翁情史 Shakespeare in Love (1998)
導(dǎo)演: 約翰·麥登
主演: 約瑟夫·費(fèi)因斯 格溫妮絲·帕特洛 杰弗里·拉什

It is the summer of 1593, and the rising young star of London's theatre scene, Will Shakespeare, faces a scourge like no other: a paralyzing bout of writer's block. While the great Elizabethan age of entertainment unfolds around him, Will is without inspiration on material. What Will needs is a muse--and in an extraordinary moment in which life imitates art, he finds and falls for a woman who draws him into his own dramatic adventure of star-crossed love.

影片以莎士比亞創(chuàng)作名作《羅密歐與朱麗葉》為引線(xiàn),講述莎翁本人的愛(ài)情羅曼史,并點(diǎn)出其創(chuàng)作《羅密歐與朱麗葉》的主因及過(guò)程。當(dāng)時(shí)生活清貧的莎士比亞在創(chuàng)作一部名為《羅密歐與海盜之女伊桃》的喜劇時(shí),與美麗的少女維奧娜相識(shí),為他帶來(lái)了不少創(chuàng)作靈感。正當(dāng)莎士比亞墜入愛(ài)河之際,卻傳來(lái)維奧娜即將嫁與一個(gè)貴族的消息,莎士比亞在悲痛之中,將他的喜劇改成為悲劇故事,取名《羅密歐與朱麗葉》。

滬江英語(yǔ)微信 滬江英語(yǔ)微信