雅思小作文關(guān)鍵大揭秘
雅思備考中,很多同學(xué)用大量的時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備雅思大作文部分的議論文,卻不是很注重雅思小作文部分的圖表題的準(zhǔn)備。
事實(shí)上,這種備考方式很“不科學(xué)”。雖然說(shuō)雅思大作文所占比重大,但是議論文在考場(chǎng)上的變數(shù)很大。可能你準(zhǔn)備的已經(jīng)很充分了,但是很可能由于那一場(chǎng)的題目很抽象,或是因?yàn)槟愕恼撟C方法或邏輯不是考官的“菜”,從而導(dǎo)致全盤(pán)皆輸。相反,圖表題就“老實(shí)”得多。首先,它是客觀題,它長(zhǎng)什么樣兒,你寫(xiě)什么樣兒,這就無(wú)所謂是不是考官的“菜”了。其次,圖表題種類有限,翻來(lái)覆去就那么幾種,比起議論文的“題?!保蔷褪菦](méi)有可以性。所以說(shuō),雅思小作文是最好提高的一項(xiàng),而且它可以起到“救星”的作用!!
最后,如果你認(rèn)真閱讀了劍橋考官的9分范文,你應(yīng)該覺(jué)得其實(shí)9分也就那樣兒,沒(méi)有那么高不可攀。所以,重視圖表題,力爭(zhēng)拿個(gè)8分,或者退而求其次拿個(gè)7分也對(duì)寫(xiě)作總分的提升有實(shí)質(zhì)性的意義!換句話說(shuō),有時(shí)你的寫(xiě)作成績(jī)上不去可能不是因?yàn)槟愕淖h論文問(wèn)題,而是圖表題。
圖表題三大關(guān)鍵:
1. 排序
排序結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用于排列和引導(dǎo)具有一定邏輯關(guān)系的數(shù)據(jù)名稱,一般用于排列“第2名”以后的數(shù)據(jù)名詞。常用的邏輯順序是數(shù)據(jù)的一定值大小,時(shí)間的先后,數(shù)據(jù)變化幅度的大小等。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于可以迅速地引出下一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)指代對(duì)象,同時(shí)可以通過(guò)接續(xù)定語(yǔ)從句或者分詞來(lái)提高句型的復(fù)雜度。在線性圖,餅狀圖,柱狀圖和數(shù)據(jù)表格中應(yīng)用廣泛。總結(jié)出常用的排序結(jié)構(gòu)一共有以下幾個(gè):
a. Next come…
b. … come next
c. It is followed by…
d. This is followed by…
舉個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的例子,比如中國(guó)是世界上人口最多的國(guó)家,印度排名第2。那么我們不管用什么樣的句子去寫(xiě)中國(guó),在寫(xiě)完中國(guó)以后,就可以用上述排序結(jié)構(gòu)中的某一個(gè)來(lái)引出印度,比如說(shuō):It is followed by India…然后在聯(lián)系之后所要表達(dá)的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)搭配不同的句式。下面我們來(lái)具體看幾個(gè)排序在真題中的用法:
I. College C has the greatest proportion of lectures with PHD qualification among all the colleges, at 60%. Next comes college A, at 50%, followed by college B, at 30%.(按照數(shù)據(jù)大小關(guān)系)
II. London has the oldest underground railway system among the six cities and it was opened in the year 1863. Paris comes next, with the second oldest underground system being opened in 1900.(按照時(shí)間的先后)
III. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions. This is followed by passenger cars which are the next largest producers.(按照數(shù)據(jù)大小關(guān)系)
IV. The underground train driver saw a much quicker growth rate in their annual salary than other professions. Police officer comes next, followed by the fire fighter and nurse.(按照數(shù)據(jù)的幅度大小關(guān)系)
V. Turning to the pie graph, over half of the funds were spent on building roads (52%). Next comes railways, taking up nearly one third of the funds. (按照數(shù)據(jù)大小關(guān)系)
在上述題目中,作者在柱狀圖和餅圖的描述過(guò)程中分別使用了2個(gè)排序結(jié)構(gòu),第一處后面用定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)接續(xù),第二處則使用了分詞。可見(jiàn),在使用這一結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,我們需注意和其他句型和語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的“混搭”,從而增加句式的變化,但是筆者并不建議整個(gè)圖表連續(xù)使用排序結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。
2. 比重
在圖表題中幾乎每種圖形都會(huì)涉及到百分比或者比重等數(shù)據(jù),而略微遺憾的是我們很多同學(xué)對(duì)于如何表達(dá)這些數(shù)據(jù)不是很清楚,因此經(jīng)常使用錯(cuò)誤。其實(shí)要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)并不難,只要掌握幾個(gè)核心的詞匯:比如,percent是“百分之”的意思,等同于%符號(hào),前面應(yīng)該用數(shù)據(jù),比如60%可以寫(xiě)成60 percent, 另外要注意percent后面是不加s的。而percentage是“百分比”的意思,后面不能直接跟數(shù)字,一般需要用the percentage of來(lái)表達(dá)某個(gè)百分比。此外,我們經(jīng)??梢杂胮roportion, share, rate等來(lái)表達(dá)相同的意思,比如:
I. A large proportion of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
II. Americans spend a smaller share of income on food than residents of other developed nations.
III. The rate of heart disease increased sharply between 1950 and 1960.
IV. The percentage of residents below 18 years old was much higher in Utah than that in other two states.
在百分比數(shù)據(jù)中,提醒考生們也要特別注意以下這幾個(gè)重要的數(shù)據(jù),它們的學(xué)術(shù)化表達(dá)也是小作文高分范文中的一大亮點(diǎn),考生們需密切關(guān)注并熟練掌握,比如:
25%; 33%; 50%; 67%; 75% 對(duì)應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù)分別為 1/4; 1/3; 1/2; 2/3; 3/4。上述5個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)及其對(duì)應(yīng)的百分比的表達(dá)在四種常規(guī)圖表題里屢見(jiàn)不鮮,因此,正確并且合理的表達(dá)這些數(shù)字就顯得極為重要。在實(shí)際考試中,我們?cè)陬}目中看到這些百分?jǐn)?shù)馬上要轉(zhuǎn)換成對(duì)應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù),這樣就可以直接用英文來(lái)準(zhǔn)確表達(dá),即:
25%---a quarter; 33%--one/a third; 50%--half; 67%--two thirds; 75%--three quarters.
但是實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)并不是一定那么巧正好是這幾個(gè)百分比,在這些分?jǐn)?shù)上下浮動(dòng)五個(gè)百分點(diǎn)間的數(shù)值我們同樣可以借助于這5個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)表達(dá),比如:69%我們可以寫(xiě)成slightly over two thirds, 72%我們可以寫(xiě)成slightly under three quarters等等,通過(guò)這樣很小的切換,我們既增加了字?jǐn)?shù),又符合學(xué)術(shù)化的表達(dá):
23% of the residents in Utah are people of 0-14 age group. 我們便能改為:
Slightly under a quarter of the citizens in Utah are people of 0-14 age group.
除了上述這幾個(gè)重要分?jǐn)?shù)外,我們有時(shí)候還會(huì)遇到80%, 90%這兩個(gè)相對(duì)較大的比重,這個(gè)時(shí)候,我們也可以將其用a majority of或者是a vast majority of來(lái)進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)化的轉(zhuǎn)換:
A majority of courses at college C obtain top rating from inspectors, compared to 60% and 40% of other colleges.
3. “占據(jù)”
在餅圖,柱狀圖和數(shù)據(jù)表格中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)需要表達(dá)A占了B的幾分之幾這樣的意思,這個(gè)時(shí)候,我們可以用以下5個(gè)單詞或詞組來(lái)準(zhǔn)確表達(dá):
constitute; comprise; take up; account for; make up
I. Asians comprise over one third of the six billion inhabitants.
II. In California, while blacks make up less than 20 percent of the juvenile population, over half of all arrests involve black children.
III. In general, the American general population spent a total of 7 hours 47 minutes on watching TV each week, which account for over half of the total hours.
IV. In 1960, the 15-46 age group constituted over half of the Japanese population.
值得注意的是,occupy這個(gè)詞也有“占”的意思,但是一般在學(xué)術(shù)類小作文中我們不用它來(lái)表示占據(jù)的意思,因?yàn)樗怼拔锢怼钡恼紦?jù),而圖表中的占據(jù)是屬于“抽象”的。?
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