國防白皮書：中國武裝力量的多樣化運用（雙語）（一）>>>

第二炮兵是中國戰(zhàn)略威懾的核心力量，主要擔負遏制他國對中國使用核武器、遂行核反擊和常規(guī)導彈精確打擊任務，由核導彈部隊、常規(guī)導彈部隊、作戰(zhàn)保障部隊等組成。按照精干有效的原則，第二炮兵加快推進信息化轉(zhuǎn)型，依靠科技進步推動武器裝備自主創(chuàng)新，利用成熟技術(shù)有重點、有選擇改進現(xiàn)有裝備，提高導彈武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼?zhèn)涞牧α矿w系，增強快速反應、有效突防、精確打擊、綜合毀傷和生存防護能力，戰(zhàn)略威懾與核反擊、常規(guī)精確打擊能力穩(wěn)步提升。第二炮兵下轄導彈基地、訓練基地、專業(yè)保障部隊、院校和科研機構(gòu)等，目前裝備東風系列彈道導彈和長劍巡航導彈。
The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.

武警部隊平時主要擔負執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖、參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟建設(shè)等任務，戰(zhàn)時配合人民解放軍進行防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)。武警部隊依托國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建立完善從總部至基層中隊的三級綜合信息網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展部隊遂行任務急需的武器裝備，開展針對性訓練，提高執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖能力。武警部隊由內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊和警種部隊組成，內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊包括?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）總隊和機動師，警種部隊包括黃金、森林、水電、交通部隊，公安邊防、消防、警衛(wèi)部隊列入武警序列。
In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.

民兵是不脫產(chǎn)的群眾武裝組織，是人民解放軍的助手和后備力量。民兵擔負參加社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)備勤務、參加防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)、協(xié)助維護社會秩序和參加搶險救災等任務。民兵建設(shè)注重調(diào)整規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改善武器裝備，推進訓練改革，提高以支援保障打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務能力。民兵組織分為基干民兵組織和普通民兵組織?；擅癖M織編有應急隊伍，聯(lián)合防空、情報偵察、通信保障、工程搶修、交通運輸、裝備維修等支援隊伍，以及作戰(zhàn)保障、后勤保障、裝備保障等儲備隊伍。
The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.

三、捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整
II. Defending National Sovereignty, Security and Territorial Integrity

中國武裝力量的根本任務，是鞏固國防、抵抗侵略、保衛(wèi)祖國。中國武裝力量的多樣化運用，堅持以國家核心安全需求為導向，著眼維護和平、遏制危機和打贏戰(zhàn)爭，保衛(wèi)邊防、海防、空防安全，加強戰(zhàn)備工作和實戰(zhàn)化演習演練，隨時應對和堅決制止一切危害國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整的挑釁行為，堅決維護國家核心利益。
The fundamental tasks of China's armed forces are consolidating national defense, resisting foreign aggression and defending the motherland. Responding to China's core security needs, the diversified employment of the armed forces aims to maintain peace, contain crises and win wars; safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security; strengthen combat-readiness and warfighting-oriented exercises and drills; readily respond to and resolutely deter any provocative action which undermines China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity; and firmly safeguard China's core national interests.

保衛(wèi)邊海防安全
Safeguarding Border and Coastal Security

中國有２．２萬多公里陸地邊界和１．８萬多公里大陸海岸線，是世界上鄰國最多、陸地邊界最長的國家之一。中國有５００平方米以上的島嶼６５００多個，島嶼岸線１．４萬多公里。中國武裝力量對陸地邊界和管轄海域?qū)嵤┓佬l(wèi)、管轄，維護邊海防安全的任務復雜繁重。
With a borderline of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of more than 18,000 km, China is one of the countries with the most neighbors and the longest land borders. Among all China's islands, more than 6,500 are larger than 500 square meters each. China's island coastline is over 14,000 km long. China's armed forces defend and exercise jurisdiction over China's land borders and sea areas, and the task of safeguarding border and coastal security is arduous and complicated.

陸軍邊海防部隊駐守在邊境、沿海地區(qū)及海上島嶼，擔負著守衛(wèi)國（邊）界、沿海海岸和島嶼，抵御防范外敵入侵、蠶食、挑釁，以及協(xié)助打擊恐怖破壞、跨境犯罪等防衛(wèi)與管理任務。邊海防部隊堅持以戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤為中心，強化邊境沿海地區(qū)重要方向和敏感地段、水道、海域防衛(wèi)警戒，嚴密防范各類入侵、蠶食和越境滲透破壞活動，及時制止違反邊海防政策法規(guī)和改變國界線現(xiàn)狀的行為，適時開展軍地聯(lián)合管控、應急處突等行動，有效維護邊境沿海地區(qū)的安全穩(wěn)定。中國已與周邊７個國家簽訂邊防合作協(xié)議，與１２個國家建立邊防會談會晤機制。人民解放軍邊防部隊與俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、蒙古、越南等國邊防部門開展聯(lián)合巡邏執(zhí)勤、聯(lián)合管控演練等友好合作活動。與哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦等國每年組織相互視察活動，監(jiān)督和核查邊境地區(qū)信任措施落實情況。

The border and coastal defense forces of the PLAA are stationed in border and coastal areas, and on islands. They are responsible for defense and administrative tasks such as safeguarding the national borders, coastlines and islands, resisting and guarding against foreign invasions, encroachments and provocations, and assisting in cracking down on terrorist sabotage and cross-border crimes. The border and coastal defense forces focus on combat-readiness duties, strengthen the defense and surveillance of major directions and sensitive areas, watercourses and sea areas in border and coastal regions, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, prevent in a timely fashion any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, carry out civil-military joint control and management, and emergency response missions promptly, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders and coastal areas.

China has signed border cooperation agreements with seven neighboring countries, and established mechanisms with 12 countries for border defense talks and meetings. The border and coastal defense forces of the PLA promote friendly cooperation in joint patrols, guard duties and joint control-management drills with their counterparts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Vietnam, respectively. They also organize annual mutual inspections to supervise and verify the implementation of confidence-building measures in border areas with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

海軍加強海區(qū)的控制與管理，建立完善體系化巡邏機制，有效掌握周邊海域情況，嚴密防范各類竄擾和滲透破壞活動，及時處置各種海空情況和突發(fā)事件。推進海上安全合作，維護海洋和平與穩(wěn)定、海上航行自由與安全。在中美海上軍事安全磋商機制框架下，定期開展海上信息交流，避免發(fā)生海上意外事件。根據(jù)中越簽署的北部灣海域聯(lián)合巡邏協(xié)議，兩國海軍從２００６年起每年組織兩次聯(lián)合巡邏。
The PLAN strengthens maritime control and management, systematically establishes patrol mechanisms, effectively enhances situational awareness in surrounding sea areas, tightly guards against various types of harassment, infiltration and sabotage activities, and copes promptly with maritime and air incidents and emergencies. It advances maritime security cooperation, and maintains maritime peace and stability, as well as free and safe navigation. Within the framework of the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA), the Chinese and US navies regularly exchange maritime information to avoid accidents at sea. According to the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, the two navies have organized joint patrols twice a year since 2006.

公安邊防部隊是國家部署在邊境沿海地區(qū)和開放口岸的武裝執(zhí)法力量，擔負保衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、維護邊境沿海地區(qū)和海上安全穩(wěn)定、口岸出入境秩序等重要職責，遂行邊境維穩(wěn)、打擊犯罪、應急救援、邊防安保等多樣化任務。公安邊防部隊在邊境一線劃定邊防管理區(qū)，在沿海地區(qū)劃定海防工作區(qū)，在毗鄰香港、澳門陸地邊境和沿海一線地區(qū)２０至５０米縱深劃定邊防警戒區(qū)，在國家開放口岸設(shè)立邊防檢查站，在沿海地區(qū)部署海警部隊。近年來，對邊境地區(qū)和口岸實行常態(tài)化嚴查嚴管嚴控，防范打擊“三股勢力”、敵對分子的分裂破壞和暴力恐怖活動。集中整治海上越界捕撈活動，強化海上治安巡邏執(zhí)法，嚴厲打擊海上違法犯罪活動。２０１１年以來，共破獲各類案件４７４４５起，繳獲各類毒品１２３５７千克，繳獲非法槍支１２５１１５支，查獲偷渡人員５６０７人次。
The border public security force is an armed law-enforcement body deployed by the state in border and coastal areas, and at ports. It assumes important responsibilities of safeguarding national sovereignty, and maintaining security and stability in border, coastal and sea areas, as well as entry and exit order at ports. It carries out diversified tasks of maintaining stability, combating crimes, conducting emergency rescues and providing security in border areas. The border public security force establishes border control zones along the borderlines, establishes maritime defense zones in the coastal areas, establishes border surveillance areas 20 to 50 meters in depth along land border and coastline areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, sets up border inspection stations at open ports, and deploys a marine police force in coastal areas. In recent years, regular strict inspections, management and control in border areas and at ports have been carried out to guard against and subdue separatist, sabotage, violent and terrorist activities by the "three forces" or hostile individuals. The border public security force takes strict and coordinated measures against cross-border fishing activities, strengthens law enforcement by maritime security patrols, and clamps down on maritime offenses and crimes. Since 2011, it has handled 47,445 cases, seized 12,357 kg of drugs, confiscated 125,115 illegal guns, and tracked down 5,607 illegal border-crossers.

民兵積極參加戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤、邊海防地區(qū)軍警民聯(lián)防、哨所執(zhí)勤和護邊控邊等行動，常年在邊海防線上巡邏執(zhí)勤。
The militia takes an active part in combat readiness duties, joint military-police-civilian defense efforts, post duties, and border protection and control tasks in the border and coastal areas. Militia members patrol along the borders and coastlines all year round.

保衛(wèi)空防安全
Safeguarding Territorial Air Security

空軍是保衛(wèi)國家空防安全的主體力量，陸軍、海軍和武警部隊按照中央軍委的指示擔負部分空防任務。平時，國家防空實行空軍—軍區(qū)空軍—防空部隊指揮體制，空軍根據(jù)中央軍委意圖對擔負防空任務的各種防空力量實施統(tǒng)一指揮。中國空防體系由偵察監(jiān)視、指揮控制、空中防御、地面防空、綜合保障和人民防空六大系統(tǒng)組成。中國已建成集偵察預警、抗擊、反擊和防護于一體的空防力量體系，具有以各種對空探測雷達和預警機為主體，以技術(shù)偵察、電子對抗偵察為補充的空情獲取手段；以殲擊機、殲擊轟炸機、地空導彈、高炮部隊為主體，以陸軍防空兵、民兵預備役防空力量和人民防空力量為補充的抗擊手段；以各種防護工程和防護力量為主體，以專業(yè)技術(shù)防護力量為補充的綜合防護手段。
The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the PLAA, PLAN and PAPF all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. In peacetime, the chain of command of China's air defense runs from the PLAAF headquarters through the air commands of the military area commands to air defense units. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC's intent. China's air defense system is composed of six sub-systems of reconnaissance and surveillance, command and control, aerial defense, ground air defense, integrated support and civil air defense. China has established an air defense force system that integrates reconnaissance and early warning, resistance, counterattack and protection. For air situation awareness means, air detection radars and early warning aircraft are the mainstay, supplemented by technical and ECM reconnaissance. For resistance means, fighters, fighter-bombers, ground-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery troops are the mainstay, supplemented by the strengths from the PLAA air defense force, militia and reserves, as well as civil air defense. For integrated protection means, various protection works and strengths are the mainstay, supplemented by specialized technical protection forces.

空軍日常防空基本活動，主要是組織偵察預警力量，監(jiān)視國家領(lǐng)空及周邊地區(qū)空中動態(tài)，隨時掌握各種空中安全威脅；組織各級指揮機構(gòu)，保持以首都為核心、以邊境沿海一線為重點的常態(tài)化戰(zhàn)備值班，隨時指揮各種空防力量行動；組織日常防空戰(zhàn)斗值班兵力，進行海上空域警巡、邊境反偵察和境內(nèi)查證處置異常不明空情；組織航空管制系統(tǒng)，監(jiān)控飛行活動，維護空中秩序，保障飛行安全。
The PLAAF organizes the following routine air defense tasks: reconnaissance and early warning units are tasked with monitoring air situations in China's territorial air space and surrounding areas and keeping abreast of air security threats. Command organs at all levels are tasked with assuming routine combat readiness duties with the capital as the core, and border and coastal areas as the key, and commanding air defense operations at all times. Routine air defense troops on combat duty are tasked with carrying out air vigilance and patrols at sea, conducting counter-reconnaissance in border areas and verifying abnormal and unidentified air situations within the territory. The air control system is tasked with monitoring, controlling and maintaining air traffic order so as to ensure flight safety.

保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)
Maintaining Constant Combat Readiness

戰(zhàn)備工作是軍隊為執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)和非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動任務而進行的準備和戒備活動，是軍隊全局性、綜合性、經(jīng)常性的工作。提高戰(zhàn)備水平，保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)，是有效應對多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務的重要保證。人民解放軍建立正規(guī)的戰(zhàn)備秩序，加強戰(zhàn)備基礎(chǔ)性建設(shè)，搞好針對性戰(zhàn)備演練，周密組織戰(zhàn)備值班和邊?？辗姥策増?zhí)勤，隨時準備執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)和非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動任務。部隊根據(jù)執(zhí)行任務需要進入等級戰(zhàn)備，戰(zhàn)備等級按照戒備程度由低級到高級分為三級戰(zhàn)備、二級戰(zhàn)備、一級戰(zhàn)備。
Combat readiness refers to the preparations and alert activities of the armed forces for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW, and it is the general, comprehensive and regular work of the armed forces. It is an important guarantee for coping with various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks to enhance the capabilities of combat readiness and maintain constant combat readiness. The PLA has a regular system of combat readiness. It improves infrastructure for combat readiness, carries out scenario-oriented drills, and earnestly organizes alert duties, border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. It keeps itself prepared for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW at all times. Based on different tasks, the troops assume different levels of readiness (Level III, Level II and Level I, from the lowest degree of alertness to the highest).

陸軍部隊的日常戰(zhàn)備，以維護邊境正常秩序和鞏固國家建設(shè)成果為重點，依托作戰(zhàn)指揮機構(gòu)和指揮信息系統(tǒng)，加強戰(zhàn)備值班要素整合，探索戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合值班模式，推進團以上作戰(zhàn)部隊戰(zhàn)備值班系統(tǒng)綜合整治，以常態(tài)化運行的體制機制保證戰(zhàn)備工作落實，形成各戰(zhàn)略方向銜接、多兵種聯(lián)合、作戰(zhàn)保障配套的戰(zhàn)備力量體系布局，始終保持迅即能動和有效應對的良好狀態(tài)。海軍部隊的日常戰(zhàn)備，以維護國家領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益為重點，按照高效用兵、體系巡邏、全域監(jiān)控的原則，組織和實施常態(tài)化戰(zhàn)備巡邏，在相關(guān)海域保持軍事存在。各艦隊常年保持必要數(shù)量艦艇在轄區(qū)內(nèi)巡邏，加強航空兵偵察巡邏，并根據(jù)需要組織機動兵力在相關(guān)海域巡邏警戒?？哲姴筷牭娜粘?zhàn)備，以國土防空為重點，堅持平戰(zhàn)一體、全域反應、全疆到達的原則，保持靈敏高效的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)。組織常態(tài)化空中警戒巡邏，及時查證異常不明空情?？哲娭笓]警戒值班系統(tǒng)以空軍指揮所為核心，部隊指揮所為基礎(chǔ)，以航空兵、地面防空兵等戰(zhàn)斗值班兵力為支撐。
The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

第二炮兵平時保持適度戒備狀態(tài)，按照平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合、常備不懈、隨時能戰(zhàn)的原則，加強戰(zhàn)備配套建設(shè)，構(gòu)建要素集成、功能完備、靈敏高效的作戰(zhàn)值班體系，確保部隊應急反應迅速，有效應對戰(zhàn)爭威脅和突發(fā)事件。在國家受到核威脅時，核導彈部隊根據(jù)中央軍委命令，提升戒備狀態(tài)，做好核反擊準備，懾止敵人對中國使用核武器；在國家遭受核襲擊時，使用導彈核武器，獨立或聯(lián)合其他軍種核力量，對敵實施堅決反擊。常規(guī)導彈部隊能夠快速完成平戰(zhàn)轉(zhuǎn)換，遂行常規(guī)中遠程精確打擊任務。
The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.