IV 筆記清晰

如何做到筆記的層次清晰明了？首先要將筆記的內(nèi)容以縱橫兩個方向理清?？v向排列的是講座的要點(diǎn)，橫向排列的是要點(diǎn)之下細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容。然后，捕捉每一個層次上的信號詞，如連接詞、過渡詞，將其要 點(diǎn)羅列，層次梳理清楚。最后，捕捉實(shí)詞和關(guān)鍵詞，充實(shí)每個要點(diǎn)上的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。下面的黑體字部分是2010年講座的筆記。

Good morning everyone, today, we’ll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week?we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language etc. In this?lecture we’ll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder, what?is this important aspect of language? Let me tell you, it refers to features of communication that takes?place without the use of grammar or vocabulary. They are called paralinguistic features of language. Its?features fall into two broad categories, those that involve the voice and those that involve the body.

Now the fi rst category is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually?tones of voice. While they are perhaps not central to meaning and communication in the same way?as grammar or vocabulary, they may nevertheless convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me?give you some examples. The fi rst is whispering which indicates the need for secrecy. The second is?breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness which is to show unimportance. The?fourth is nasality this, um, is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip rounding which expresses greater?intimacy, especially with babies for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering
our tone of voice and when we do this consciously we do it to create different effects in communication.

Paral feas: voice—body
1. vocal paral fea (tone of voice)
—conv att or int
—e.g. 1) whis: secr
2) brea: deep em
3) huski: unimp
4) nasa: anx
5) lip round: inti

Now, let’s come to the second category, physical paralinguistic features, which involves the?body. In addition to conveying meaning with tone of voice we can also express our intention?through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask, what are the ways then??Let me cite?some brief examples, the expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way?we sit are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel or what we mean. Let?me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression, facial expression is a powerful?conveyor of meaning. We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome?but there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eyebrows?suggests you are surprised or interested in something. Other facial actions such as biting your lips?which indicates that you are deep in thinking or are uncertain about something, compressing your
lips which shows that you are making a decision and a physical crunching of the teeth to show that?you are angry are all powerful conveyors of meaning too.

2. phys para feas
— facial exp
1) smile: unisal signal of plea/wel
2) others: × common
e.g. raise ebr—sur/intr; lib bite—think/uncert…
The second in this category is gesture. You see we use gesture to indicate a wide range of?meaning. Now I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specifi c to particular?cultures. That is to say, different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying?meaning. Here a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. In British?English, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of I don’t care or I don’t know. Crossing?your arms may indicate relaxation but it can also powerfully show you are bored. Waving can?be welcome and farewell, whereas scratching your head may indicate you’re at a loss. In other?cultures placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth, pointing?your finger at your nose means it’s a secret, that’s why we say that gestures are culture-bound.

— gest: spec to par cul
1) Br: {shrg shlds: × care; cross arm: rela; wav: wel; scrat head: loss}
2) other: {hand on heart: tru; point nose: secr}

The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between?speakers. This can indicate a number of things. It can also be used to consciously send messages?about intent. Closeness for example may indicate intimacy or threat in many speakers. The distance?may show formality or lack of interest. Once again, I’d like to say, proximity is also both a matter of?personal style and it’s also culture-bound. So what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture?may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another and standing close to someone?may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party but completely out of place?in other situations such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which?someone holds his or her body especially the back, shoulders and head when standing, walking?or sitting. A few examples! Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of?whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a superior with or without
eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level?eye contact changes the nature of the interaction and can be seen as either open or challenging.

Last, echoing. Now what is echoing? Let me start with an example. Some of you may?have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. When two people are keen to agree with?each other they would likely, though unconsciously, adopt the same posture as if in imitation?of each other. They sit or stand in the same manner. When used in this way echoing appears?to complement the verbal communication. Of course when such imitation is carried out?consciously it often indicates that someone is mocking at another speaker.

OK, In today’s lecture we looked at some paralinguistic features such as tone of voice,?gesture and posture, these features together with linguistic features of language like grammar?or vocabulary are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face to face?encounters.

In our next lecture, we’ll watch some video material and see how people actually use?paralinguistic means at communication to express their intention or desire or mood.
— prox, post, echo
1) prox: phys dist — close: inti; dist: form/×intr — pers style; cul-byou; differ in situ
2) post: hun shlds/hang head: happy or not; low head & × eye con→ysupe;?dir eye con→open/chal
3) echo: agree→unconsc — imi — comple verb commu?consc imi — mock

以下是記筆記時用的縮略形式（只適用于本講座，有可能與其他講座縮略形式?jīng)_突或重復(fù)）：

1. paral.=paralinguistic ? ? ? ? ?2. feas.=features
3. conv.=convey ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?4. att.=attitude
5. int.=intention ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?6. whis.=whisper
7. secr.=secrete ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?8. brea.=breathiness
9. em.=emotion ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?10. huski.=huskiness
11. unimp.=unimportant ? ? ?12. nasa.=nasality
13. anx.=anxiety ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?14. inti.=intimacy
15. phys.=physical ? ? ? ? ? ? ?16. exp.=expression
17. unisal.=universal ? ? ? ? ? 18. plea.=pleasure
19. wel.=welcome ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 20. ebr.=eyebrow
21. sur.=surprise ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 22. intr.=interest
23. uncert.=uncertainty ? ? ?24. gest.=gesture
25. spec.=specifi c ? ? ? ? ? ? 26. par.=particular
27. cul.=culture ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 28. Br.=British
29. shrg.=shrug ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 30. shlds.=shoulders
31. rela.=relaxation ? ? ? ? ? 32. wav.=waving
33. scrat.=scratch ? ? ? ? ? ? 34. tru.=truth
35. prox.=proximity ? ? ? ? ?36. post.=posture
37. dist.=distance ? ? ? ? ? ? 38. form.=formality
39. / =or ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?40. pers.=personal
41. cul-bou.=culture-bound 42. situ.=situation
43. hun.=hunched ? ? ? ? ? ? ?44. con.=contact
45. supe.=superior ? ? ? ? ? ? 46. dir.=direct
47. chal.=challenging ? ? ? ? ? 48. unconsc.=unconscious
49. imi.=imitation ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?50. comple.=complement
51. commu.=communication 52. consc.=conscious

以上就是根據(jù)錄音講座所做的筆記。其中一層一層縱向記錄的都是要點(diǎn)，用數(shù)詞標(biāo)號是為了便于理清層次關(guān)系；每一層上延伸記錄的都是細(xì)節(jié)。需要記住，在短時間內(nèi)不可能做到面面俱到，所以在記錄細(xì)節(jié)的時候應(yīng)牢牢抓住實(shí)詞和關(guān)鍵詞，必要的時候還要臨時創(chuàng)造一些縮略形式，在基本不妨礙填空和識別的原則上盡可能多地記錄細(xì)節(jié)信息。