2. 考前準備

1) 心理準備
一般來說，考試的適度緊張對考生集中注意力有一定的幫助，但是如何掌握這個度而不讓自己緊張過度呢？最好的辦法是：聽錄音前調整好呼吸，有意識地保持深吸氣——深吐氣的節(jié)奏，會慢慢發(fā)現(xiàn)自己緊張的神經(jīng)得到了很好的舒緩，不再那么焦躁不安。在比較鎮(zhèn)定的狀態(tài)下不僅坐得安穩(wěn)，握筆也會有力，書寫也會工整。

2) 物質準備
考生首先要準備好利于自己書寫的筆，這支筆不但要保證良好的書寫效果，而且要手感良好以確保落筆時的利索和記筆記的速度。拿到記錄紙以后，要合理安排筆記版面，切忌筆記雜亂。所記要點之間應預留一點空間以便補充。另外，由于講座本身層次分明，考生在筆記結構安排上也應建立層次，一般分為垂直和平行兩種。“垂直”指的是一個一個層次上的內容按垂直或階梯式的順序排列，不要擠在一行里，這樣才能突出層次要點。

“平行”指的是同一層次上的內容屬平行關系，最好寫在一行里，并用相應的符號標明關系。在Mini-lecture項目中，好的筆記就是成功的一半。

II 預測中心

在聽講座的時候，考生很容易進入一個誤區(qū)，就是不能抓住中心內容，好像大致能理解聽到的是什么意思，但要真正領悟到它的中心意思就很困難。判斷出講座的中心內容是記好筆記的關鍵。其實，要在短時間內確定講座的中心內容并不是很難。應該說，講座所有的材料都是中心突出、結構清晰、層次分明的。所以在講座開始時，一般就能判斷出整個講座的中心意思。具體來說可以分兩步走：第一，標題和第一句對中心主題的提煉；第二，起始段對中心意思的總體概括。

在歷年考題中，有的講座有標題，考生可以結合標題和起始句在瞬間做出積極的反應，由此進行先期推測。

例如：2009年講座的標題是“Writing Experimental Reports”，起始句為：Today we’ll?discuss some preliminaries concerning how to write experimental reports.從標題和起始句來看，考生的第一反應肯定是將講座的內容與如何撰寫實驗報告聯(lián)系起來。那么到底如何撰寫實驗報告呢？實驗報告有什么特點要求呢？在下面的起始段里應該可以體現(xiàn)出來。

When you fi rst signed up for a course in university, like a psychology course, chances are?that you didn’t really expect what was coming in your study, particularly, the course’s emphasis?is on methodology and statistics. For a few of you, this may have come as a pleasant surprise,?provided that you would’ve already known something about the course. For most, however, I dare?say, it will undoubtedly have been a shock to the system. No doubt in other parts of your course
study, you will read books and journals, examining, critically, models and theories, assumptions?and hypotheses put forward by scholars and specialists. My task today is to help you understand?some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up?some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially?experimenting.

雖然這個起始段很長，但是層次清晰：首先通過提及一個事實——即最不可能寫實驗報告的課程，比如說心理學也會重視實驗方法和統(tǒng)計方法，來點明撰寫實驗報告的重要性和必要性，然后過渡到本篇講座的主題上，即My task today is to help you understand?some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up?some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially?experimenting。

不難看出，鎖定中心內容是聽講座的關鍵，不但讓考生明了講座的中心議題，而且為接下來聽詳細內容打下了扎實穩(wěn)固的基礎。這樣一來，心里的緊張也可以得到緩解。

III 理解和跟進

語言學習至關重要的是理解力，聽力理解往往是考查理解力首當其沖的一步。Minilecture這一部分考查學生多方面的綜合能力，但是聽力理解是得分的基礎。沒有對段落、句子、詞組、單詞的充分理解，非但筆記受到影響，答題時更是不知如何下筆。既然第一步已經(jīng)預測好了中心內容，心中應該明白接下來講座的大概意思，接下來，聽力理解能力就開始起主要作用了。

1. 擴充詞匯量
提高聽力理解能力的第一步就是擴充詞匯量。對Mini-lecture的詞匯需要三方面的積累：正式文體中連接詞、過渡詞的積累；專有名詞和術語的積累；實義詞的積累。前面講過，講座一般為正式文體，使用的語言比較規(guī)范，經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些專有名詞和術語。而且講座的整體結構層次分明，結構線條合理，信息引導詞清晰明了。因此必須要對信息引導詞提高敏感度。以下是對歷年考試講座內容中的信息詞句的總結。

1) 導入要點的信息詞句 (lead-ins)
這些句子和其中的詞組都或多或少給聽者很強的引導作用，提示接下來的內容。

There are at least three components of … (2003)
Now, let’s take a look at how you are going to …(2004)
In the next part of the lecture, I’d like to talk about one of the basic steps in …(2004)
In today’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questions. (2005)
These are the steps shared between …and …(2005)
Generally speaking, there are two basic types of… (2005)
I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is. (2006)
There are in fact a number of interlocking reasons for... (2008)
The fi rst of these concerns : … (2009)
…, then a useful approach is to… (2009)
Now the fi rst category is…(2010)
Now, let’s come to the second category… (2010)
In other cultures…(2010)
Once again, I’d like to say…(2010)
Good morning everyone. Today we’ll look at culture, or rather, classifi cations of cultures.(2011)
What Hall believed is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuum,?ranging from what he called “high-context” to “l(fā)ow-context”. (2011)
Good morning everyone, today we’ll look at how to observe behavior in research. (2012)
In this lecture, I’ll briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, that is time sampling and?situation sampling. (2012)

2) 引導步驟的信息詞（sequence connections）
這類詞句讓聽者順著講座者的指示引導，理順脈絡，避免造成不必要的信息遺漏。

In the…, at the most basic level… (2003)
At the next level… (2003)
After this stage come the levels of… (2003)
Next, the level of… (2003)
What follows is the top level of… (2003)
Second, once… (2004)
For one thing, …Another component of… is… , and last, … (2004)
Next, … (2004)
Finally, … (2004)
First of all, what is…? (2005)
Now let’s take a look at the fi rst approach. (2006)
Now let’s move on to the second approach to …(2006)
First of all, I’d say if you study art history … (2007)
The second point I’d like to make is about …(2007)
The second major factor related to … is …(2008)
One …; two …; three …; four …; and fi ve …(2009)
The fi rst…The second…The third…The fourth…The last…(2010)
Okay, what is a high-context culture? (2011)
Now, let me give you examples. First, in terms of personal space… (2011)
Now, let’s move on to low-context culture. (2011)
Now fi rst, time sampling. (2012)
Now let’s come to situation sampling. Then, what is situation sampling? (2012)

2. 充分理解詞組和句子
這是聽力理解的重中之重。沒有對詞組和句子的透徹理解，就缺少了牢固的基礎，所以必須不斷操練語言理解能力。下面舉例說明歷年考試中容易被誤解的句子和詞組。

2005年講座：

錄音材料： What makes a research paper different is that much of your raw material comes?not from your head, ...

填空： 2. ordinary essay: ideas in one’s (3)

分析：考生很有可能第一反應就是填 head, 但是如果再深一步理解句子意思的話，就會發(fā)現(xiàn) raw material not from head, 那么, 對ideas的理解就應該是in one’s mind。

2010年講座：

錄音材料： Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the?person is happy or not…

填空：hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9)

分析：考生往往第一反應就是填上happiness，但如果能整體把握分句whether the?person is happy or not就會得出結論：Hunched shoulders and a hanging head是表達心情（mood）快樂（happy）或者不快樂（or not）的一種身體姿勢，因此空格中應填入的單詞是mood。