4. 歸總題
顧名思義，歸總題就是歸納總結(jié)題，也就是從一段講座內(nèi)容中歸納總結(jié)出共有的特性并下一個(gè)結(jié)論。這類題目不容易回答，因?yàn)榭忌谧龉P記的時(shí)候，往往沒有意識(shí)到某個(gè)長(zhǎng)篇解釋或者形象化的介紹說明就是在填空的時(shí)候需要?dú)w納總結(jié)的內(nèi)容。所以，必須有意識(shí)地把闡明同一觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容記錄在一條平行線上，以便填空的時(shí)候?qū)⑵湔掀饋矸治?。?duì)歷年的考題進(jìn)行分析后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，填空題的內(nèi)容基本上都是對(duì)講座內(nèi)容的濃縮和總結(jié)，近幾年的題目里經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)這一類的題目，考查學(xué)生的思維歸納能力和用詞能力。因此必須牢記，歸納總結(jié)類的題目需要考生根據(jù)對(duì)講座內(nèi)容的理解，精心歸納總結(jié)才能填入適合的單詞，而不是直接從講座隨便聽到一個(gè)單詞就可以填上，務(wù)必要三思而后行。下面舉例說明歷年考題中歸納總結(jié)題的解題方法。

2003年講座：
Self-realization needs:
Need to realize one’s potential.
Ways to realize these needs are individually (7) .
此題也不是憑直觀感受就能下定論的，需要對(duì)講座內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)?？崭裆咸畹氖钦J(rèn)識(shí)這些需求的途徑是個(gè)人化的什么。講座中提到：Of course, it depends on different?people. The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual. For some people,?learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their selfrealisation?needs, while for other people, it could be becoming “the best there is” in certain areas.?It could be becoming the president of IBM. Anyway, being great or ordinary is what others think,?while self-realisation is largely individual. 這一段內(nèi)容具體就是說個(gè)人的自我成就各不相同，那么歸納起來應(yīng)該用哪個(gè)詞比較貼切呢？variable / different / dependant 都是不錯(cuò)的答案。

2004年講座：
1. Skill to ask questions
1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer others’ questions regardless?of (1)

這一部分有關(guān)第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)的第一個(gè)注意事項(xiàng)，在空格上要求填出人們不管什么情況都準(zhǔn)備著回答他人的問題。講座中提到：First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost?anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy?persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that?someone will think them impolite if they don’t respond to the questions.（幾乎所有人，無論害羞與否，都會(huì)回答問題。事實(shí)上，據(jù)我觀察，非常害羞的人比外向的人更愿意回答問題。他們擔(dān)心如果不回答問題別人會(huì)認(rèn)為他們很不禮貌。）從以上這一段歸納總結(jié)來看，應(yīng)該是不管性格害羞與否，人們都準(zhǔn)備著回答問題。所以答案歸納起來可以是personality /shyness。

2005年講座：
Research Paper and Ordinary Essay
A. Similarity in (1) basic writing steps:
e.g. — choosing a topic
— asking questions
— identifying the audience
B. Difference mainly in terms of (2)
1. research paper: printed sources
2. ordinary essay: ideas in one’s mind

此題也需要?dú)w納總結(jié)一段內(nèi)容才能得出結(jié)論。講座里提到：What makes a research?paper different is that much of your raw material comes not from your own head, but from?printed sources: mainly books and periodicals in the library. Collecting raw material, that?is, reading books and taking notes, is very much like the process of brainstorming at the?prewriting stage of an ordinary essay. 畫線部分應(yīng)該是回答了填空需要的內(nèi)容，但是如何把它歸納總結(jié)濃縮成簡(jiǎn)單的詞組呢？從printed sources, mainly books and periodicals 可以歸納出一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，那就是信息來源，所以真正的區(qū)別是信息來源的不同。答案可以是source of information，source of material等。

2007年講座：
Africa and the Pacifi c Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremonies
Purpose: to seek the help of (6) to protect crops,
講座中提到：Traditional art in Africa and Pacifi c Islands is different from Christian art...?But the goal of traditional art in Africa and Pacifi c Islands is to infl uence spiritual powers, that?is, gods to enter people’s lives. Each tribe or village there has special ceremonies with songs?and dances to make sure that crops, animals and people are healthy and increasing in number.
The dancers in these ceremonies wear masks, headdresses, and costumes that they believe are?necessary to infl uence gods. So these masks and headdresses themselves are a very part of the art.
（非洲和太平洋島嶼地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)與基督教藝術(shù)不同，是為了神靈的護(hù)佑，即神靈進(jìn)入百姓生活。每個(gè)種族或村寨都有他們特有的儀式載歌載舞祈求莊稼豐收、人畜健康。）歸納總結(jié)來看：這些儀式的目的就是讓神靈保佑，為家眷、莊稼和家畜祈福。所以填空時(shí)可以填入gods。需要注意的是，God首字母大寫，單數(shù)形式，特指上帝；gods首字母小寫，復(fù)數(shù)形式，指各類神靈。

2010年講座：
C. proximity, posture and echoing
1. proximity: physical distance between speakers
— closeness: intimacy or threat
— (7) : formality or absence of interest
Proximity is person-, culture- and (8) -specifi c.
其中的第八題就是道典型的歸總題，較難。講座中論述人與人的距離時(shí)提到：Once?again, I’d like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal style and it’s also culturebound.?So what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close?or distant to a speaker from another and standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in?some situations such as an informal party but completely out of place in other situations such?as a meeting with a superior. 這里要把這么長(zhǎng)的句子記錄下來基本是不可能的，只能在聽的過程中加以總結(jié)，概括出大意：人際距離表達(dá)的含義與個(gè)人風(fēng)格（personal style）和文化（culture-bound）有關(guān)，另外也與場(chǎng)景（situation）有關(guān)，即與某個(gè)場(chǎng)景適配（appropriate）的人際距離換個(gè)場(chǎng)景就有可能完全不合適 (out of place)，因此答案為situation。

2011年講座：

III. Conclusion
awareness of different cultural assumptions
— relevance in work and life
e.g. business, negotiation, etc.
— (10) in successful communication (10)

講座原文并未給出答案，需要根據(jù)講座內(nèi)容自行總結(jié)：If you’re in business,?negotiations, interpersonal relations, if you’re dealing with people from different cultures in any?way, it’s going to affect every part of your life. In any multi-cultural situation, these assumptions?need to be taken into account for successful interaction.也就是說我們?cè)诳缥幕浑H中要想成功交流就必須考慮各種文化的不同特性，因此講座的結(jié)論就是要強(qiáng)調(diào)了解不同文化特性的重要性和意義，所以答案為signifi cance/importance。

綜上所述，歸總題需要很強(qiáng)的聽力理解分析能力和筆記記錄能力，所以考生在平時(shí)做應(yīng)試練習(xí)時(shí)要格外注重培養(yǎng)自己的思維概括能力，還要注重提高筆記記錄速度和對(duì)記錄內(nèi)容進(jìn)行修整的能力。