首先請(qǐng)?jiān)囎g下列句子:
1. It is snowing.
2. Dr John resumed his experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory.
3. We took this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make a prompt shipment of the merchandise.

1. It is snowing.

譯文一:它正在下雪。(×)

譯文二:下雪了/在下雪。

分析:譯文一字字對(duì)應(yīng)譯出,貌似“忠實(shí)”,但完全不合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣,實(shí)是錯(cuò)誤譯法。

2. Dr John resumed his experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory.

譯文一:約翰博士一到實(shí)驗(yàn)室,他就繼續(xù)做實(shí)驗(yàn)。(×)

譯文二:約翰博士一到實(shí)驗(yàn)室就繼續(xù)做實(shí)驗(yàn)。

分析:譯文一將主從句的主語都譯出,貌似“忠實(shí)”,但產(chǎn)生歧義,可能讓人以為“他”和”約翰博士”是兩個(gè)人。

3. We took this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make a prompt shipment of the merchandise.

譯文一:我們借此機(jī)會(huì)告知你們現(xiàn)在我們可以立即裝運(yùn)那批貨物。

譯文二:茲奉告,該商品可即期裝運(yùn)。(簡(jiǎn)潔明確,公文慣例)

分析:譯文二省卻了 “take this opportunity”和“in a position”等詞語,還省譯了三個(gè)人稱代詞,使譯文更加符合漢語涉外文書的行文習(xí)慣。

省略法(omission),也叫減省譯法,是指在翻譯中,原文中有些詞在譯文中可以省略,不必翻譯出來。因?yàn)樽g文中雖然沒有這個(gè)詞,但是已經(jīng)具有了原文這個(gè)詞所表達(dá)的意思,或者這個(gè)詞在譯文中的意義是不言而喻的。省略的目的在于使譯文更加通順流暢,更符合譯文習(xí)慣。
但需要注意的是,省略并不是把原文的某些思想內(nèi)容刪去,省略不能改變?cè)牡囊饬x。現(xiàn)從語法角度舉例探討省略法:

(一)省代詞

1.省略作主語的人稱代詞

根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣,前句出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主語,后句如仍為同一主語,就不必重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。英語中通常每句都有主語,因此人稱代詞作主語往往多次出現(xiàn),這種人稱代詞漢譯時(shí)常常可以省略。

(1)省略作主語的人稱代詞

I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice.
我有很多美妙的想法,但是只把少數(shù)付諸實(shí)踐了。

He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
他瘦弱憔悴,看上去一副可憐相。

(2)英語中,泛指人稱代詞作主語時(shí),即使是作第一個(gè)主語,在漢語譯文中往往也可以省略。

We live and learn.
活到老,學(xué)到老。

When will he arrive?-You can never tell.
他什么時(shí)候到?--說不準(zhǔn)。

The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.
人生的意義不在于已經(jīng)獲取的,而在于渴望得到什么樣的東西。

2.省略作賓語的代詞

英語中有些作賓語的代詞,不管前面是否提到過,翻譯時(shí)往往可以省略。

The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.
他越是想要掩蓋他的錯(cuò)誤,就越是容易暴露。

Please take off the old picture and throw it away.
請(qǐng)把那張舊畫取下來扔掉。

3.省略物主代詞

英語句子中的物主代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率相當(dāng)高。一個(gè)句子往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)好幾個(gè)物主代詞,如果將每個(gè)物主代詞都翻譯出來,那么漢語譯文就顯得非常羅嗦。所以在沒有其他人稱的物主代詞出現(xiàn)的情況下,在翻譯時(shí)物主代詞大多被省略。

I put my hand into my pocket.
我把手放進(jìn)口袋。

She listened to me with her rounded eyes.
她睜大雙眼,聽我說話。

4. 省略反身代詞

How does atoms arrange themselves in a solid?
原子在固體中是如何排列的?

We should concern ourselves here only with the structure of atoms.
這里我們只論述原子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

Friction manifests itself as a force that opposes motion.
磨擦表現(xiàn)為阻礙運(yùn)動(dòng)的力。

Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology, it does lend itself to the development of applied science.
理論科學(xué)雖然通常與技術(shù)沒有明顯的聯(lián)系,但確實(shí)有助于應(yīng)用科學(xué)的發(fā)展。

(二)代詞it的省略

it起著代詞的作用,在譯文中,當(dāng)它被用作非人稱或沒有意義的時(shí)候,往往可以省略。

Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
外面一團(tuán)漆黑,大雨傾盆。

He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.
他一看表,是七點(diǎn)一刻了。

It took me a long time to reach the hospital.
我花了很長時(shí)間才到了醫(yī)院。

It is the people who are really powerful.
人民才是最強(qiáng)大的。

(三)省略連接詞

漢語詞語之間連接詞用得不多,其上下邏輯關(guān)系常常是暗含的,由詞語的次序來表示。英語則不然,連接詞用得比較多。因此,英譯漢時(shí)在很多情況下可不必把連接詞譯出來。

He looked gloomy and troubled.
他看上去有些憂愁不安。(省略并列連接詞)

As it is late, you had better go home.
時(shí)間不早了,你最好回家去吧。(省略表示原因的連接詞)

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天來了,春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎?(省略表示條件的連接詞)

If I had known it, I would not have joined in to.
早知如此,我就不參加了。(省略表示條件的連接詞)

John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.
火車停了,約翰郁郁地站了起來,因?yàn)樗肫鹆瞬≈械哪赣H。(省略表示時(shí)間的連接詞)