About happiness

Everything You Need To Know About Happiness In The World
關(guān)于幸福的一切

Unemployment can cause as much unhappiness as bereavement or separation, according to the World Happiness Report, published by Columbia University's Earth Institute and co-edited by Nobel laureate Jeffrey Sachs.
哥倫比亞大學(xué)地球研究所和諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者杰佛里·薩克斯日前共同發(fā)布了世界幸福報(bào)告。根據(jù)報(bào)告顯示，失業(yè)造成的痛苦與喪失親友或是分居程度相當(dāng)。

The report found that the happiest countries in the world are all in Northern Europe with Denmark topping the list.
報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，世界上最幸福的國家都在北歐，其中丹麥位居第一。

Meanwhile the least happy countries are in the poor regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
同時(shí)，最不幸福的國家位于撒哈拉以南非洲的貧窮地區(qū)。

聯(lián)合國首發(fā)全球幸福指數(shù)報(bào)告 丹麥居首中國排112位>>>

The report looks at how happiness is measured and examines some of its policy implications. We read through the groundbreaking report and pulled the most interesting findings about happiness.
該報(bào)告著眼于幸福的測量方式，并測試了一些幸福感的含義。我們通讀了這份開創(chuàng)性的報(bào)告，并摘錄出其中關(guān)于幸福最有意思的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

The happiest countries

The happiest countries in the world are all in Northern Europe
世界上最幸福的國家都在北歐

The happiest countries in the world namely Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Netherlands are all in Northern Europe. Their average life evaluation score is 7.6 on a scale from 0 to 10.
世界上最幸福的國家有丹麥、挪威、芬蘭和荷蘭，這些都是北歐國家。在0-10分范圍內(nèi)，這些國家的平均生活評(píng)估得分是7.6分。

The least happy countries

The least happy countries are all poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
最不幸福的國家都是位于撒哈拉以南非洲的貧窮國家

The least happy countries are all poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa namely Togo, Benin, Central African Republic, and Sierra Leone with average life evaluation scores of 3.4.
最不幸福的國家都是位于撒哈拉以南非洲的貧窮國家，包括多哥（西非國家）、貝寧、中非共和國和塞拉利昂，平均生活評(píng)估得分僅有3.4分。

Important things about happiness

But happiness is measured by more than money. Community, religion, and health play big roles
但是，幸福并不單單用金錢衡量，生活社區(qū)、宗教和健康狀況也非常重要

The key external factors that determine happiness include income, work, community and governance, and values and religion.
決定幸福的關(guān)鍵外在因素包括：收入、工作、社區(qū)和管理、價(jià)值觀和宗教信仰。

The personal features that determine happiness include mental health, physical health, family experience, education, and gender and age.
決定幸福的個(gè)人特質(zhì)包括：心理健康、生理健康、家庭經(jīng)歷、教育、性別和年齡。

Sometime there is a two-way interaction between the determinant and happiness itself. For instance health affects happiness and conversely happiness affects health.
有時(shí)候，這些決定因素和幸福本身之間存在著一種雙向互動(dòng)。比如說健康會(huì)影響幸福感，那么反過來，幸福也讓你變得更健康。

Income

Of course, Income is always a factor in explaining happiness, but it isn't the most important thing
當(dāng)然，收入總是說明幸福與否的一個(gè)因素，但它不是最重要的指標(biāo)

In 1974 Richard Easterlin wrote a seminal article which found that richer people are on average happier than poorer people (a cross-sectional fact) but that over time within different societies the population does not on average become happier when they country's income rises (a time-series fact). This came to be known as the Easterlin paradox.
1974年，理查德·伊斯特林寫了一篇很有創(chuàng)意的文章，他發(fā)現(xiàn)富人通常比窮人幸福些（代表性事實(shí)），但是在不同的社會(huì)，隨著時(shí)間流逝，當(dāng)國家的收入提高時(shí)人們并不會(huì)隨之感到更加幸福（時(shí)間序列事實(shí)）。這個(gè)就是我們熟知的伊斯特林悖論。

Income is not the most important factor in determining happiness.
收入不是決定幸福最重要的因素。

Relative income i.e. income relative to others of the same age, sex, education is the only one that matters when it comes to happiness. Absolute income is not that important.
相對(duì)性收入，也就是相對(duì)于同年齡、同性別、同教育水平的其他人的收入，這個(gè)才影響幸福。絕對(duì)收入并不重要。
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Unemployment

Unemployment causes as much unhappiness as separation or bereavement
失業(yè)造成的痛苦與分居或喪失親友程度相當(dāng)

People experience a sharp drop in well-being when they are unemployed. Unemployment causes as much unhappiness as bereavement or separation.
當(dāng)人們丟了工作時(shí)，他們?cè)馐苤腋８械募眲〉?。失業(yè)造成的痛苦與喪失親友或分居程度相當(dāng)。

High unemployment impacts the happiness not just on the families of the unemployed but also those in work who feel less secure in their jobs.
居高不下的失業(yè)率不僅僅影響失業(yè)家庭的幸福感，同樣也影響著那些仍在崗位上但卻對(duì)工作缺乏安全感的人們。

The quality of work is extremely important to happiness. Respondents from OECD countries were asked to rank eight different job characteristics on a five point scale from not at all important to very important. Only 20 percent of respondents from OECD countries said a high income is very important, 60 percent said job security is very important, while 50 percent said interest work is very important.
工作質(zhì)量對(duì)于幸福的影響也極其重要。來自經(jīng)濟(jì)合作及發(fā)展組織國家的調(diào)查對(duì)象，要求他們?cè)?分范圍內(nèi)從不重要到非常重要排出8個(gè)不同的影響幸福的工作特征，僅有20%的人認(rèn)為高收入非常重要，60%的人認(rèn)為工作安全非常重要，而50%的人認(rèn)為工作興趣最重要。

Increase happiness

Trust, freedom, equality and social interactions increase happiness
信任、自由、平等和社交互動(dòng)能夠提升幸福感

Individual happiness comes from a set of social interactions, and trust plays a huge role. In a well-functioning society there is a high level of trust between citizens and between institutions.
個(gè)人的快樂幸福來自于一系列的社交互動(dòng)，在這其中信任起著重要作用。在一個(gè)運(yùn)行良好的社會(huì)中，公民與制度之間存在著一個(gè)很高程度的信任。

Bonding capital i.e. people who are similar to one another and bridging capital i.e. people who are different impacts life satisfaction and happiness. "We want both - not only good social capital within communities but also good links between communities."
社會(huì)資本指的是很相似的一群人，而橋梁資本則指的是生活滿意度和幸福感影響程度不同的人們?！拔覀儍烧叨枷胍粌H是需要團(tuán)體內(nèi)部的社會(huì)資本，也需要社會(huì)團(tuán)體間良好的鏈接。”

Freedom is a key component to happiness.
自由是幸福的關(guān)鍵因素。

Equality plays a huge role in happiness because greater equality is associated with reduced social tensions, especially when the inequality is seen as unfair. Also, the value of extra income is greater for the rich than the poor.
在幸福感的影響因素中，平等也非常重要，因?yàn)檩^大程度的平等意味著社會(huì)緊張感的減少，特別是在不平等會(huì)等同于不公平的狀態(tài)下。同樣，額外收入對(duì)于富人的價(jià)值要比其對(duì)窮人的價(jià)值大。

Religious report

In countries where life is harder, those who are more religious report more positive emotions
在那些生活艱辛、人們宗教信仰更虔誠的國家，人們的正面情緒更多

About 68 percent of adults across the world say that religion is important in their daily lives. Religious belief and practice is more common in countries where life is harder. In the U.S. religious is belief is higher in states where life is harder.
全世界68%的人認(rèn)為在他們的生活中宗教信仰很重要。在生活艱辛的國家中，宗教信仰和行為非常普遍。在美國生活艱辛的地區(qū)，宗教信仰程度也較高。

While there is no difference in life satisfaction between more and less religious countries, in countries where life is harder there is significantly more positive emotion and less negative emotion among those who are more religious.
雖然談及生活滿意度，宗教信仰多的國家和宗教信仰少的國家并沒有多大差別，但在那些生活艱辛的國家里，更加虔誠的人們會(huì)散發(fā)更多的積極情緒和更少的消極情緒。

Values

Values, certain behaviors and the environment play important roles in happiness
在幸福感中，價(jià)值觀、特定行為舉止和環(huán)境也很重要

Many values taught by religion are reinforced by society through more secular systems. Altruism and kindness have shown happiness in both the giver and the receiver.
在許多宗教中灌輸?shù)膬r(jià)值觀都被社會(huì)通過更加長期的制度體系加強(qiáng)完善了。利他主義和行善樂施的價(jià)值觀會(huì)讓贈(zèng)與者和接受者都感覺幸福。

Most ethical systems also teach that material wealth should not be pursued beyond the point where it compromises other values. At a given level of income, people who cared more about their income were less happy with life overall.
大多數(shù)道德體系都會(huì)教導(dǎo)我們：追尋物質(zhì)財(cái)富時(shí)，不能以犧牲其他價(jià)值觀為代價(jià)。在某一特定收入水平上，更加在乎其收入的人們總體生活幸福感要少一些。

All other things equal, watching television is also associated with lower happiness. This is because its reduces social life and increases exposure to violence. But television can provide enjoyment and instruction.
其他所有因素重要程度相當(dāng)，看電視會(huì)讓人有較低的幸福感，這是因?yàn)榭措娨暅p少了社交生活，但增加了觀看暴力場面的機(jī)會(huì)。但是電視同時(shí)讓人很享受，也有指導(dǎo)意義。

The environment also plays a crucial part in happiness. Green spaces are associated with better health, performance and life satisfaction.
環(huán)境在影響幸福感中也至關(guān)重要。綠色的空間通常暗示著較好的身體狀況、出色的表現(xiàn)和滿意的生活。

Mental and physical health

Mental and physical health both have huge impacts on happiness
心理和生理健康都非常影響一個(gè)人幸福感

"Happiness depends crucially on personality, and personality is strongly affected by your genetic make-up." One important way in which in genes operate is through mental health.
“幸福感極其依賴于性格，而性格又受遺傳基因性格影響頗深。” 心理健康是實(shí)現(xiàn)基因運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)最重要的一種方式。

Those who are mentally ill as adolescents are more likely to experience low earnings, unemployment, criminal records, teenage pregnancy, physical illness and poor educational performance than others in the population.
那些在少年時(shí)候就有精神疾病的人更容易遭受低收入、失業(yè)、犯罪記錄、少年媽媽、生理疾病和糟糕教育表現(xiàn)等境遇。

Panel data allows comparisons of the life-satisfaction of the same individuals before and after they become disabled. The impact effect of severe disability is estimated as being 0.6 points on the one to seven life satisfaction scale, and that of moderate disability as 0.4 points.
研究中的固定樣本數(shù)據(jù)可以將同一個(gè)人在殘疾前后對(duì)生活的滿意度進(jìn)行對(duì)比。嚴(yán)重殘疾的影響作用對(duì)生活滿意度有著非常大的影響：在0-7分范圍的中只得到0.6分，中度殘疾為0.4分。

Adaptation to disability also impacts life-satisfaction, and someone who has been disabled for all of the past three years is less affected than someone who is recently disabled.
對(duì)于殘疾的適應(yīng)力也影響著生活滿意度，殘疾有3年的人比剛剛遭遇殘疾的人所受到影響要小。

Children

Having children is no guarantee of happiness
有孩子并不能確保幸福

Being married rather than single, divorced or widowed is strongly associated with higher self-declared happiness. In most countries married people are happier with their life than those who cohabit with a partner.
結(jié)婚的人比單身、離異或者喪偶能感受到更多的自我幸福感。在大多數(shù)國家，已婚人士比那些未婚同居的人們生活幸福感更強(qiáng)烈。

Studies have shown that individuals who are already happier when they are young have a higher probability of becoming and remaining married. And getting married also boosts happiness if only for some years. But leisure and social activities of one's spouse can reduce life satisfaction in the other spouse.
研究顯示，一個(gè)年輕時(shí)就比較幸福的人走進(jìn)婚姻殿堂和保持美滿婚姻的可能性較大。結(jié)婚會(huì)增加幸福感，哪怕只是幾年的婚姻生活。但是一方配偶的閑暇和社會(huì)活動(dòng)卻會(huì)減少另一方的生活滿意度。

Life satisfaction is said to peak in the years before and after marriage. For those who never get divorced, happiness is permanently higher than before they were married.
生活滿意度在婚前和婚后會(huì)達(dá)到一個(gè)頂峰。對(duì)于那些從未離婚的夫妻來說，幸福感永遠(yuǎn)高于他們結(jié)婚前。

Moreover having children is no guarantee of higher happiness.
此外，有孩子并不能確保更高的幸福感。

Education

Education indirectly affects happiness through higher income and better healthcare
教育因?yàn)榭梢詭砀叩氖杖牒透玫尼t(yī)療保健，從而直接影響幸福感

Education is indirectly related to happiness because it increases income and income increases happiness. Longer years of education are associated with increased employability and job security.
教育與幸福感直接相關(guān)聯(lián)，因?yàn)榻逃龝?huì)提高收入，而收入又會(huì)提高幸福感。較長的受教育年限能增加就業(yè)能力，保障職業(yè)安全感。

The direct effect of education on happiness is mixed and varies between countries.
在不同的國家，教育對(duì)于幸福感的直接作用也不同。

Women

In most developed countries women are happier than men
在大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家，女人比男人幸福

In most advanced countries, women report higher life satisfaction and happiness than men. But the results are smaller or reversed in non-industrial countries.
在大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家，女人比男人擁有更高的生活滿意度和幸福感。但是，在非工業(yè)國家這個(gè)結(jié)論差距會(huì)縮小甚至顛倒過來。

Women are happier in countries where gender rights are equal.
在性別權(quán)利平等的國家里女性更幸福。
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