做好完形填空的綜合技巧
做好完形填空的綜合技巧?
1. 跳讀首尾句,大膽預測跳讀首尾句,大膽預測一般來講,高考完形填空的首、尾句通常是不設空的。先跳讀這兩句,往往可判斷體裁,猜想它要講什么。若首句交代了 when, where, who, what,即 4 個 W,那么這篇文章就是記敘文,很可能就是一個故事,為了測試語篇的理解能力,出題者特別注意選材的趣味性,其結尾往往出人意料,耐人尋味;若首句是提出或解釋說明某事物,一般來說是說明文;若首句提出一個論點,那么就是議論文。首句往往開宗明義,是文章的主題。細讀首句可啟示全文。而尾句又往往是對文章主題的總結。所以,它們是了解文章大意的一個窗口,對我們理解全文有著重要的啟示作用。因此,要充分利用段首句提供的信息,去把握文章的思路,尋找文章的脈絡與線索。考例? A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds, and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication. 分析:本文的作者從語言的定義入手,為下文講人類的語言與動物叫聲的區(qū)別埋下伏筆。
2. 利用主旨文意,對原文進行分層預測大多數(shù)完形填空文章情節(jié)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、高潮和結局都有一個完整的過程,而首句所代表的文章主旨文意又制約著文章內容的發(fā)展方向,因此可利用主旨文意可對原文進行分層預測。(1) 預測情節(jié)的發(fā)生:認真分析某年高考完形填空的首句 You did more than carry my books 可知,你曾經幫我搬過書,它暗示著本文一定會介紹你為什么要幫我搬書,你是如何幫我搬書的,你幫我搬書有什么結果,而這正是文章情節(jié)發(fā)生的過程,也是我對你感激的原始原因,抓住這一點,發(fā)揮合理的想象,可以預測原文第 3 節(jié)信息。Mark was walking home from school one day when he noticed the boy ahead of him had dropped all of the books he was carrying, along with a baseball bat and several other things. Mark knelt down and helped the boy pick up these articles. Since they were going the same way, he helped to carry some of them for him. As they walked Mark discovered the boy’s name was Bill, that he loved computer games, baseball and history, that he was having a lot of trouble with his other subjects and that he had just broken up with his girlfriend. (2) 預測情節(jié)的發(fā)展:情節(jié)的發(fā)展必然伴隨著情節(jié)的發(fā)生,因此既然利用主旨文意可以預測情節(jié)的發(fā)生,也就可以預測情節(jié)的發(fā)展。再讀首句You did more than carry my books (你對我的幫助不僅僅是幫我搬書)可知這就暗示著如果“你”和“我”原來就是朋友,今后會相處得更好,即使“你”和“和我”素昧平生,“你”和“我”的關系也不可能隨著搬書的結束而結束,“你”和“我”“一定會由此成為朋友,“我們”一定會經常到對方家去做客,一起玩耍,一起吃飯,一起閑談,共同享受交友的快樂,這種友好關系一定會延續(xù)到我們畢業(yè),甚至會延續(xù)到永遠。They arrived at Bill’s home first and Mark was invited in for a Coke and to watch some television. The afternoon passed pleasantly with a few laughs and some shared small talk, and then Mark went home. They continued to see each other around school, had lunch together once or twice, and then both ended up from the same high school. Just three weeks before graduation, Bill asked Mark if they could talk.
(3) 預測情節(jié)的高潮和結局:情節(jié)發(fā)展到一定程度就會到達情節(jié)的高潮,然后伴隨著情節(jié)的結局。情節(jié)的高潮和情節(jié)的結局都受主旨文意的制約,因此利用主旨文意進行合理的想象和合乎邏輯的推理判斷,就一定能預測文章情節(jié)的高潮和結局。再回首讀一下本文首句 You did more than carry my books 可知,“你”對“我”的幫助不僅僅在于幫“我”搬書,它暗示著幫“搬書,它暗示著幫我”搬書對“我”造成了超出搬書本身意義的影響。此時我們可以大膽預測一下,搬書是否改變了主人公什么? 是不是某種程度上改變了主人公的生活?馬克幫助比爾搬書這樣一件很簡單的事竟然使他們變成了好朋友,它與搬書對主人公生活的改變有沒有關系?這些合乎邏輯的預測和想象對正確理解原文最后一節(jié)內容并揭示文章情節(jié)的高潮和結局很有好處。Bill reminded him of the day years ago when they had first met. “Do you ever wonder why I was carrying so many things home that day?” asked Bill. “You see, I cleaned out my locker because I didn’t want to leave a mess(cleaned out my locker because I didn’t want to leave a mess(臟亂) for anyone else. I had planned to run away and I was going home to pack my things. But after we spent some time together talking and laughing, I realized that if I had done that, I would have lost a new friend and missed all the fun we would have together. So you see, Mark, when you picked up my books that day, you did a lot more. You changed my life. ”
3. 瞻前顧后,上下求索語篇復現(xiàn)的信息包括原詞復現(xiàn)、同義詞和反義詞復現(xiàn)、上義詞和下義詞復現(xiàn)、概括詞復現(xiàn)和代詞復現(xiàn)等。語篇中可能出現(xiàn)多種同現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象,如與語篇話題相關、意義相關的詞匯同時出現(xiàn),結構同現(xiàn),同義同現(xiàn),修飾同現(xiàn),因果同現(xiàn)等。因此,利用上下文尋找解題信息,以便更準確地確定正確答案??祭?1? That “something special” was men— 4? individuals who could invent machines, find new (sources) of power, and establish business organization to reshape the society. The men who? 6? the machines of the… (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.4. A. generating?? B. effective?? C. motivation?? D. creative6. A. employed?? B. created???? C. operated???? D. controlled解析:第 4 空所在句中 creative individuals 是后面定語從句 who invent machines… 在意義上的同現(xiàn),符合上下文。故答案選 D。第 6 空所在句中的The man who? 6? the machines? 6體>是上一句中creative individuals who could invent machines的近義復現(xiàn)。其他選項均與上下文不符。故答案選B??祭?2? Outside of class, the student continues to use the ___ model because it has always worked well in that circumstance. Unless professors address specific errors in students’ personal models of the world, students are not likely to replace them with the correct one.A. private?? B. individual?? C. personal?? D. own解析:本題要利用語篇中復現(xiàn)的信息。在上下文中 personal多次以原詞復現(xiàn),如 personal model 在最后一句里面再一次出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)上下文,model之前應該還是 personal。故本題答案為 C。
4. 注意“四搭配”做題時應注意文中的“四搭配”:邏輯搭配(包括過渡詞、連接手段、指代關系、肯定和否定等);語義搭配(包括區(qū)別同義詞、近義詞、反義詞、形近異義詞、同形異義詞等);結構搭配(指名詞、動詞、形容詞等在句中或文中與其他詞=宋體>;結構搭配();慣用搭配(即通常所說的固定短語)??祭?1? When I finished it the night was half gone and there was no? 48? left to write a proper composition for Mr Fleagle. There was no choice next morning but to? 49 my work. (全國卷)49. A. give up?? B. continue??? C. hand in??? D. delay第 48, 49 空所在句句意為:當“我”寫完那篇文章時,已經很晚了,沒時間再寫一篇給 Mr Fleagle,第二天只好把我寫給自己欣賞的那篇交上去。hand in 是固定短語,意為hand in “交上去”,正合句意??祭?? He had to keep changing the (angle) every time she leaned over to talk to him, ____ he leaned over to kiss her.A. whenever?? B. and???? C. while??? D. or解析:從空前后的兩個句子句意相近可知,這里需要一個表選擇關系的連詞,只有 or 是合適的??祭?? These days, only a few people continue to take the story of the Abominable Snowman? 52. (全國卷)52. A. lightly?? B. jokingly?? C. seriously??? D. properly解析:take sth seriously 意為“認真對待,把……當回事”,是固定短語。
5. 巧用排除法如果不能很有把握地直接看出某一道題的答案,可以把排除法和詞匯、語法分析結合起來運用,縮小選擇的范圍,提高正確率。這種情況有以下幾種:1. 從時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、名詞的數(shù)等各個角度分析所填內容是否與上下文一致,從而排除一些備選項,縮小選擇范圍。分析空白處與前后詞之間的語義關聯(lián)、搭配關系,從而排除一些選項;2. 弄清楚題區(qū)的句法關系,分析一下它是簡單句,并列句,還是復合句;3. 判斷所填的內容在句中充當什么成分,應是什么詞性,并分析備選項之間的異同,從而排除干擾項選出正確答案。3. 考例? …The sudden realization was painful. We? 51? to play like two mad men. When the score was 16 up, I was having serious? 52? about staying alive until 21 years old, let alone? 53? that many points…(全國卷)51. A. pretended?? B. stopped??? C. continued N lang=EN-U;??? D. decided52. A. thoughts??? B. doubts???? C. situations???? D. problems 53. A. scoring???? B. completing? C. receiving???? D. keeping解析:第 51 小題從語法角度分析,4 個選項都正確,但從上下句的語境及邏輯關系推測,兩人的比賽還未結束,故此空有繼續(xù)比賽的含義,應選 continued 52 小題選項為 4 個名詞,與上下文似乎沒有多大的聯(lián)系,只有根據(jù)本句空后 about staying alive until 21 years old 的意義,方可作出正確選擇 have doubt about…(對……懷疑)。第53小題是一道比較難的題。首先,動詞短語 let alone(更不用說是一道比較難的題。首先,動詞短語)為大綱外詞匯,同時選項又正好設在該短語之后,故直接影響了考生對該句的理解;其次,該選項在意義上與上下文沒有直接性的聯(lián)系,且邏輯關系也不強,考生只有根據(jù)選項后 that many points 的意義進行推測,才能選出正確答案 A。(答案:51. C 52. B 53. A)
6. 邏輯再現(xiàn)嘗試從邏輯關系的高度整體上把握,就會不無驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)邏輯關系才是征服完形填空的最佳途徑。所謂邏t; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">(1) 句中邏輯關系考例? Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and? 45? nitrogen. They are different? 46? their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin? 47 one or more specific functions in the body. their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 45. A. mostly?? B. partly?? C. sometimes?? D. rarely解析:短文中的 usually 和 and 是本題邏輯推理的線索。And前后構成了并列關系,即 and 前的 usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 這些維生素成分和 and 后面的 nitrogen 成分形成并列關系,相應修飾 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 的 usually必然和修飾 nitrogen 的 45 空的詞構成一一對應的邏輯關系。鑒于此,在 45 空考慮填入的應是和 usually 相對應的頻度副詞,而語義與 usually mes New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">略有不同。mostly 和partly都表示了部分、量的含義,與頻度無關。rarely(很少地,罕有地)雖表示了頻度關系,但其意義與 usually 相反,不符合一一對應的一致性,因此排除。只有 C 項sometimes(不時,有時)恰到好處地表示了 and 前后兩部分的邏輯對應。故答案選 C。(2) 句間邏輯關系在此,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所謂邏輯關系并不抽象,它往往通過轉折、讓步、遞進、因果等明確的邏輯關系詞來體現(xiàn)。當然,句子的邏輯關系也不一定體現(xiàn)在一句話的內部,它還可以滲透到篇章的層面上,在句與句之間表現(xiàn)出來。如:46. A. in that??? B. so that?? C. such that??? D. except that解析:根據(jù) 46 空前后兩個句子的邏輯關系來判斷正確答案。46 空前說“維生素(they)是不同的”,是結果,其后“維生素組成成分的排列是不同的”,恰好是前者“維生素各有不同”的原因,因此,46 空前后體現(xiàn)了因果的邏輯關系。我們只要選一個表示原因邏輯關系的詞匯就可以了。故答案選A。本題還有第 2 條思路,就是從前后句子的邏輯關系入手。本段討論維生素有第 2 1 句說“維生素組成成分是相同的”,并用because引導原因;第 2 句說“維生素是不同的”,這 46 空也應填 because的同義詞。故選 A 項則體現(xiàn)了這種對應關系。(3) 段間邏輯關系這種邏輯關系主要體現(xiàn)在段落之間的銜接上??祭? 考例Not everyone sees that process in perspective. It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,? 29? , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,? 30? by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,? 31? its impact in the media was not immediately? 32 .29. A. indeed?? B. hence?? C. however??? D. therefore解析:這里有兩種情況,第一可能是第 2 段前后的邏輯體現(xiàn);第二就是段落的前后銜接。但是,這個題出現(xiàn)在第 2 2 段的第 1 句 ,那么,從完形填空注重邏輯關系的命題思路來看,我們優(yōu)先考慮第 2 種情況。前段末句意為“不是每個人都能夠正確地看待這個進程”。而第 2 段首句為“大家普遍認為”,顯然這兩者之間存在了邏輯意義上的轉折。故答案選C。
7. 巧用背景知識和社會常識解答完形填空題時,有時文章中提供的信息還不夠,還需要考生把頭腦中儲存的一般知識信息結合起來考慮,最后作出符合常識的最佳答案 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">解答完形填空題時,有時文章中提供的信息還不夠,還需要。因此,考生的知識范圍越廣,則對文章的理解會更容易,整體上知道所選短文在說什么,那么局部上的每一個空填起來也會得心應手。因此解答完形填空題時,考生的英語語言知識和有關常識,都發(fā)揮著重要的作用。當對語言的把握不很準確時,可充分利用社會知識和科普常識來幫助判斷,先找出并理解文章主題和主線,并根據(jù)主題猜測細節(jié),注意從重復出現(xiàn)的詞語中尋找、體會文章表達的氛圍。考例 1? (Immediately) the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the ____ hospital.A. animal?? B. biggest??? C. plant??? D. nearest解析:在這樣的緊急情況下,人們的第一反應是到最近的醫(yī)院就醫(yī),因此答案為 D??祭?2? Thirty minutes a day in the early elementary years and an hour in ____ four, five, and six is standard. A. classes?? B. groups?? C. grades??? D. terms解析:我們知道 four, five, and six 指的是年級,所以只能選 C。8. 綜合利用各種線索完形填空題主要考查考生的短文閱讀理解能力。因此考生必須閱讀全文,弄清句子與句子之間的關系,準確理解全文。為了答好題,考生必須從字里行間尋找能夠利用的線索。如書寫和形態(tài)變化線索(graphic and morphological clues)、詞匯線索(lexical clues)、句法線索(syntactical clues)、社會文化線索(socio-cultural clues)和上下文線索(contextual clues),并根據(jù)有關的線索進行猜測,作出合理的判斷??祭?1? When Ed first phoned and suggested we play, I laughed quietly, figuring on an? 38? victory. (全國卷) A. unforgettable?? B. unexpected??? C. easy??? D. early解析:單從這句看,實難判斷出最佳答案,只有讀懂下面幾句,即下文線索后才知道,“Ed 很胖,卻不減肥,他所認為的鍛煉只不過是把叉子送到嘴邊”。所以,“我以為和 Ed 比賽,簡直易如反掌”。故選項 C 正確。該選哪一個,有時在短文中就有答案,如能找出相關線索,解題就易如反掌??祭?2? Many experts believe parents should gently look over the work of younger children and ask them to rethink their? 12 . A. exercises??? B. defects??? C. mistakes??? D. tests 解析:許多專家認為家長應仔細簡單地檢查孩子們的作業(yè),并讓他們自己重新思考自己做的練習。能與句中 work 照應的只有選項 A。9. 避免解題誤區(qū)考生在做完形填空時,除了運用所學語言知識和解題技巧外,還應避免幾個誤區(qū)。(1) 單純求快,忽略語篇理解,只看局部的詞義辨析、搭配和語法結構,試圖用語言知識解決所有問題。很N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(1) “只見樹木不見森林”的做法只會影響解題的質量和效率。有些同學想省時間,看一點做一點,缺乏全局觀念,就一空論一空,勢必欲速則不達。有時甚至一步走錯,步步皆錯。而且第一遍做的答案,往往會在頭腦中形成概念,再檢查時,從錯誤概念出發(fā)而無法糾正。要知道上下文是一環(huán)套一環(huán)的,不同的詞匯說明事物發(fā)展的不同程度、不同場合;人物的不同動作、不同心理;結果的不同方面、不同色彩等等。只有最大限度地根據(jù)文中提供的信息作出正確選擇,才能使文章的情節(jié)得到正常發(fā)展。(2) 時間安排不當,在幾個選項上過分糾纏,追求完美,導致許多本可以做對的題來不及做。正確的做法是由易到難,先做會做的題。難題留在后面。最好是先用 1~2 分鐘左右的時間瀏覽一下全文,再花 6 分鐘左右的時間做題,最后留出 2~3 分鐘檢查、補漏。(3) 一些心理障礙和心理誤區(qū)。根據(jù)廣大考生反饋過來的意見,考生普遍存在著對完形填空的恐懼心理。許多 lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(3) 2~3 個空,無疑使考生理解時困難重重;題量大,20 個空,要一個一個地分析,在做題之前一看到這么多空,心里就發(fā)毛。因此,建議考生要克服緊張、害怕、厭煩情緒,一定要做到心理上放松。(4) 放棄選擇。對于那些拿不準的題,不要留空白,不要放棄,一定要選一個答案。 (5) 改來改去。一般來說,做完完形填空之后,不要再輕易改動,除非你確信你是做錯了??傊?,拿不準的時候,要相信自己的第一感覺。???
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