一、與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用表類別I hate the telephone. 我討厭電話。The cobra is dangerous. 眼鏡蛇是危險(xiǎn)的。定冠詞和不定冠詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用都可表示“類別”,有時(shí)可互換(此時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式也是可能的)。如:A horse is a useful animal. / The horse is a useful animal. / Horses are useful animals. 馬是有用的動(dòng)物。

【說明】不定冠詞表示類別時(shí)往往強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)體, 主要起泛指作用,具有類似any的含義,如說A tiger can be dangerous(老虎是危險(xiǎn)的),其意是指任何一只老虎都是危險(xiǎn)的。但是,若要表示某個(gè)類屬的整體,即概括某個(gè)類屬的所有成員,則不能用不定冠詞,而用定冠詞,如以下兩例中的定冠詞就不能換成不定冠詞(但可用復(fù)數(shù))。如:The tiger is [Tigers are] in danger of becoming extinct. 老虎有滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。The tiger is [Tigers are] in danger of becoming extinct. The motor car has [Motor cars have] become very popular. 摩托車已經(jīng)變得很普及了。另一方面,盡管可以用定冠詞加單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞來表示某一類人或物,但在很多情況下這種用法會(huì)讓人造成誤解或含義不清。如說Atiger can be dangerous(老虎是危險(xiǎn)的),其意是清楚的,若說成The tiger can be dangerous,則可能有歧義,即可理解為The tiger can be dangerous“老虎是危險(xiǎn)的”或“這只老虎是危險(xiǎn)的”。又如“醫(yī)生工資收入高”可以譯為Doctors are well paid,而通常不說The doctor is well paid,否則會(huì)讓人誤解為“這個(gè)醫(yī)生工資收入高”。概括地說,當(dāng)要泛指某類人或物中的任何一個(gè)時(shí),通常用不定冠詞,若不產(chǎn)生歧義或誤解,也可用定冠詞;但是,當(dāng)要概括某個(gè)類屬的整體時(shí),則只能用定冠詞,不能用不定冠詞。
  
二、與某些形容詞連用表示類別① 與表示特征、特性、品質(zhì)等方① He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb. 他創(chuàng)建了一所聾啞學(xué)校。He stole from the rich to give to the poor. 他偷富人的東西去接濟(jì)窮人。Those of us who are sighted don’t understand the problems of the blind. 我們這些有視力的人不理解盲人的困難。這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有。如:富人??????????? the poor 窮人?????????? the blind 盲人病人?????????? the old 老人????????????? the young 年輕人the dumb 啞巴???????? the deaf 聾子?????????? the dead 死者? the weak 弱者???????? the strong 強(qiáng)者?? the wealthy 富人the jobless 失業(yè)者

【注意】這類用法往往具有復(fù)數(shù)意義。如:The rich are nARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 21pt; mot always happier than the poor. 富人并不總是比窮人過得開心。The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年輕人更容易感冒。但若表抽象概念,則表單數(shù)意義。如:The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 美的東西不一定都是好的東西。② 與某些過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞連用。如:Times are hard for the unemployed. 失業(yè)者的日子很難熬。Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital. 許多傷員死在去醫(yī)院的途中了。許多傷員死在去醫(yī)院的途中了。這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有。如:the wounded 傷員?????the injured 傷員??? the killed 被殺者??????? the employed 被雇用者the unemployed 失業(yè)者??????? the accused 被告???? the learned 有學(xué)問的人???? the aged 老年人the missing 失蹤的人???? the living 活著的人③ 與某些表國(guó)籍的形容詞連用。如:The Chinese are a friendly people. 中華民族是一個(gè)友善的民族。The French are famous for their cooking. 法國(guó)人以善烹調(diào)著稱。The British are very proud of their sense of humor. 英國(guó)人為自己的幽默感到自豪。這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有。如:the British 英國(guó)人????? the English 英國(guó)人??? the French 法國(guó)人?? the Chinese 中國(guó)人???? the Japanese 日本人 ④與某些形容詞連用表示抽象概念One must learn to take the bad with the good. 人必須學(xué)會(huì)好壞都能承受。He wants to make the impossible possible. 他想把不可能的事成為可能。這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有。如:the true 真?????? the good 善???? the beautiful 美?? the right 是?????? the wrong 非????????????? the false 偽不可能做到的事??????? the unknown 未知的事物