整個(gè)歐洲都為電子呈現(xiàn)出粒子和波的兩重性而感到費(fèi)解。物理學(xué)家為之瘋狂地討論著各種可能的假設(shè)。維克多?德布羅意親王、奧地利人埃爾文?薛定諤和維爾納?海森伯都為之提出了各自的理論，他們的理論是前人的理論更好理解，亦或是解釋了前人理論中無(wú)法解決的部分~~~
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Hint:
furiously
scribble
deft
As it was, the Europeans had their hands full trying to understand the strange behavior of the electron. [---1---] This impossible duality drove physicists nearly mad. [---2---] In France, Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, the scion of a ducal family, found that certain anomalies in the behavior of electrons disappeared when one regarded them as waves. [---3---] At almost the same time the German physicist Werner Heisenberg came up with a competing theory called matrix mechanics. This was so [-4-] complex that hardly anyone really understood it, including Heisenberg himself ("I do not even know what a matrix is," Heisenberg [-5-] a friend [-6-]), but it did seem to solve certain problems that Schr?dinger's waves failed to explain. The upshot is that physics had two theories, based on [-7-] premises, that produced the same results. It was an impossible situation.
The principal problem they faced was that the electron sometimes behaved like a particle and sometimes like a wave. For the next decade all across Europe they furiously thought and scribbled and offered competing hypotheses. The observation excited the attention of the Austrian Erwin Schr?dinger, who made some deft refinements and devised a handy system called wave mechanics. mathematically despaired to at one point conflicting
實(shí)際上，歐洲人當(dāng)時(shí)忙得不亦樂(lè)乎，試圖搞清電子的古怪表現(xiàn)。他們面臨的主要問(wèn)題是，電子有時(shí)候表現(xiàn)得很像粒子，有時(shí)候很像波。這種令人難以置信的兩重性幾乎把物理學(xué)家逼上絕境。在此后的10年里，全歐洲的物理學(xué)家都在思索呀，亂涂呀，提出互相矛盾的假設(shè)呀。在法國(guó)，公爵世家出身的路易－維克多?德布羅意親王發(fā)現(xiàn)如果把電子看做是波，那么電子行為的某些反常就消失了。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了奧地利人埃爾文?薛定諤的注意。他巧妙地做了一些提煉，設(shè)計(jì)了一種容易理解的理論，名叫波動(dòng)力學(xué)。幾乎同時(shí)，德國(guó)物理學(xué)家維爾納?海森伯提出了一種對(duì)立的理論，叫做矩陣力學(xué)。那種理論牽涉到復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)，實(shí)際上幾乎沒有人搞得明白，包括海森伯本人在內(nèi)（"我連什么是矩陣都不知道。"海森伯有一次絕望地對(duì)一位朋友說(shuō)），但似乎確實(shí)解決了薛定諤的波動(dòng)力學(xué)里一些無(wú)法解釋的問(wèn)題。結(jié)果，物理學(xué)有了兩種理論，它們基于互相沖突的前提，但得出同樣的結(jié)果。這是個(gè)令人難以置信的局面。