考博英語輔導(dǎo):考博英語詞匯核心難點(diǎn)(動(dòng)詞)
一、動(dòng)? 詞
動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞是博士生入學(xué)英語考試詞匯部分的一個(gè)重要測(cè)試項(xiàng)目。該項(xiàng)目對(duì)考生的測(cè)試點(diǎn)包括:1)動(dòng)詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力;2)動(dòng)詞用法的掌握程度;3)動(dòng)詞搭配關(guān)系的熟練程度。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)在碩士研究生入學(xué)考試5500個(gè)詞匯中,大約有五分之一是動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組。因此,掌握好這批詞匯直接關(guān)系到能否通過博士生入學(xué)英語詞匯部分的考試。
在動(dòng)詞部分中,考生首先應(yīng)該具備較好的認(rèn)知能力,即遇見一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后,能夠較快地確定它的前兩個(gè)或前三個(gè)詞義。如:evolve? v.,第一個(gè)詞義是“使發(fā)展”,第二個(gè)詞義是“使進(jìn)化”,第三個(gè)詞義是“推論”。在考試中,檢查考生這一能力的題是比較多的;考生應(yīng)該能夠根據(jù)上下文確定動(dòng)詞的有關(guān)詞義。在具備認(rèn)知能力的基礎(chǔ)上,考生還需掌握這些詞匯的基本用法。如:forbid? v. 后面不能用to smoke,只能用動(dòng)詞+ing的形式,即smoking;Occur? v. (發(fā)生),只能用于主動(dòng)語態(tài),不能以被動(dòng)的形式出現(xiàn)。最后,還要熟悉動(dòng)詞的基本搭配關(guān)系。如:concentrate和associate兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,其后面的介詞一般只能是on和with。以下是按照上面三種情況出現(xiàn)的詞匯題:
1. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.
A. ticked away??
B. gone out?????
C. broken off????
D. rung up
2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.
A. supplies???
B. specifies??????
C. presents???
D. withhold
3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.
A. decide????
B. refrain???
C. surpass???
D. delay
第一句表示“外交關(guān)系終止”需用動(dòng)詞詞組“break off"。
第二句中的 "provide",第一個(gè)詞義是“提供”或“供應(yīng)”,第二個(gè)詞義是“規(guī)定”。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中,“specify” 含有“規(guī)定”的意思,因此B是正確答案。第三句中只有“delay”一詞的后面可以采用動(dòng)名詞,所以應(yīng)該選擇D。
考生在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),可以有意識(shí)地按照以上三點(diǎn)記憶動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞。在準(zhǔn)備動(dòng)詞詞匯部分時(shí),考生還需注意以下幾點(diǎn)。
1. 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的詞形變化: 有一定數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞,其過去式和過去分詞與原形不同。這部分詞匯在測(cè)試中起到較強(qiáng)的干擾作用。在5500詞匯中類似動(dòng)詞較多,以下僅舉部分例子:
動(dòng)詞原形???? 過去式????? 過去分詞
bear忍受????? bore?????? borne,born
bend彎曲????? bent????????? bent
bid 表示?? bade, bid????? bidden bid
breed 繁殖???? bred????????? bred
abide 遵守abode,abided? abode,abided
arise 升起??? arose????????? arisen
awake喚醒? awoke???? woke, awaken
fling? 扔,拋 flung????????? flung
forbid禁止 forbade,? forbad forbidden
freeze 結(jié)冰? froze??????? frozen
shred 撕碎shredded, shred
shredded,shred
cast 投,擲? cast??????? cast
creep 爬???? crept??????? crept
dwell 留居dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled
2. 動(dòng)詞詞形相近,詞義不同: 有些動(dòng)詞在詞形上相似,但其詞義是不同的。考生在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),需注意對(duì)它們的辨別。例:
compliment vt. 贊美
He is complimented for his fine work.
complement vt. 補(bǔ)充
They need to complement the factory with more workers.
adapt vt. 使適應(yīng)
We have to adapt our thinking to the new circumstances.
adopt vt. 采用
They have adopted close planting.
類似的動(dòng)詞還有:
inquire vt.? 打聽,詢問????
require vt. 要求,命令
compel vt. 強(qiáng)迫,迫使屈從
impel vt.? 促成,推動(dòng)
compress vt.? 擠壓??????
comprise vt.?? 包括??????
confirm v. 證實(shí)
conform v. 符合
affect vt.影響???????
effect vt. 產(chǎn)生,引起
award vt.? 授予!給予
reward vt. 獎(jiǎng)賞,報(bào)答
ensure vt. 保證,擔(dān)保??????
insure vt. 給……保險(xiǎn)
rescue vt. 援救, 營救????
secure vt. 保護(hù),使……安全
extinguish vt. 熄滅???????
distinguish vt. 區(qū)別,辨別????
wander vt. 漫游
wonder vt. 驚嘆
contract vt. 締結(jié),訂約????
contact vt. 使接觸
respect vt. 尊重
suspect vt. 猜想
類似的形近義不同的動(dòng)詞還有一些,注意了它們之間的詞義差別,也有利于我們對(duì)這些動(dòng)詞的記憶與辨認(rèn)。
3. 動(dòng)詞詞義相近,用法不同
consist vt. 一般用于主動(dòng)態(tài)
This class consists of forty students.
compose vt. 常用于被動(dòng)語
This country is composed of ten nations.
insist v.后面需用介詞on。
He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow.
persist v.后面需用介詞in。
He persisted in working on this experiment.
arrive vi.后面需采用at, in, on等介詞。He arrived in Bejing yesterday.
reach vt.及物動(dòng)詞,直接跟賓語
They reached the village yesterday.
4. 動(dòng)詞后需用動(dòng)名詞: 有一批動(dòng)詞的后面只能使用動(dòng)名詞。在詞匯考試部分中,有時(shí)要求考生能夠正確判斷動(dòng)詞的這一用法。這類常見動(dòng)詞有:
anticipate? avoid? delay? envy? escape? miss mind risk band enjoy complete? imagine? consider? deny? practice? acknowledge appreciate favor??? facilitate? postpone? quit?? resent?? resume? include?
favor?
deny
例:He will consider giving us a chance to do the experiment.
resume
permit
5.動(dòng)詞后需用不定式: 英語動(dòng)詞中,還有一些動(dòng)詞的后面只能使用不定式。這類常見動(dòng)詞有:
claim arrange? demand? determine? expect? intend? pretend? promise? afford refuse? decide? seek? agree? care? learn? manage? presume? desire?? consent? prepare? resolve? undertake
consented
decided
例:She refused to offer her help.
agreed
intended
6. 動(dòng)詞后可用動(dòng)名詞或不定式: 還有一些動(dòng)詞的后面即可以使用動(dòng)名詞,也可以使用不定式。常見這類動(dòng)詞有:
continue?? dislike?? prefer?? begin? like?? propose? remember? deserve??? regret??? intend??? neglect??? attempt? forget
7. 動(dòng)詞固定搭配: 動(dòng)詞的固定搭配是英語測(cè)試中的一個(gè)很重要的項(xiàng)目。動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系主要反映在動(dòng)詞與介詞、動(dòng)詞與名詞的關(guān)系上。下面分組做一簡(jiǎn)單的介紹:
1)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配:
call for 要求,需要?? call off取消,放棄
carry off 奪取,奪去 come by得到,獲得
come up to達(dá)到,符合cut down削減,降低
break down損害,分解
break off終止,中斷
break out逃出,爆發(fā)
break through突破,突圍
bring about 產(chǎn)生,引起
bring forward??? 提出,提議
drop off 減弱, 減少
drop out退出, 離隊(duì)
get over克服???????? give away泄漏
get across使人了解??? get at夠得著
2)動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配
arrive at a conclusion? 得出結(jié)論?
take in to consideration考慮到
commit a crime 犯罪???????
make a decision 決定
reach an agreement達(dá)成協(xié)議????
break one's promise 違約
take action? 采取行動(dòng)????
keep balance 保持平衡
catch one's breath? 喘氣?????
accept a challenge? 應(yīng)戰(zhàn)
take a risk 承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)????
keep sb. company 陪伴某人
keep one's head 保持鎮(zhèn)定????
lose heart 失去勇氣
take shape 成型,形成??
resist temptation?? 抵制誘惑
3)動(dòng)詞與名詞和介詞的搭配
have control over 對(duì)……控制
attach importance to 重視
hold an inquiry into sth. 某事進(jìn)行調(diào)查
gain an advantage over? 勝過,優(yōu)于
make the acquaintance of sb. 結(jié)識(shí)某人
make an apology to sb.? 向某人道歉
make comments on sth. 評(píng)論某事
lose contact with 與……失去聯(lián)系
express sympathy for? 對(duì)某人表示慰問
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