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The Patriot Act and the Bioterrorism Preparedness Act were passed in 2001 and 2002. These laws in part cover research on pathogens and toxins thought to have potential as bioweapons.
The Bush administration increased funding for research on such toxins and pathogens—but the laws added a great many ___1___ for such research, and restricted who could work with the microbes. Scientists at Carnegie Mellon recently ___2___ the impact of the laws on research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
They checked out work with anthrax bacteria, the ebola virus, along with a control, Klebsiella bacteria. The researchers did find an increase in the total number of papers published. But before the laws, 17 anthrax papers appeared per million dollars of funding. ___3___, only three papers appeared per million dollars of funding. For ebola, the numbers dropped from 14 to six papers per million dollars. Figures for the control remained the same.
The ___4___: the study authors say that research on anthrax and ebola has not been seriously ___5___. But it has been made significantly less efficient.
procedural steps evaluated With the restrictions bottom line inhibited
美國分別在2001年和2002年通過了《愛國者法案》和《生物反恐法》。這兩項法案有部分內容涉及可能被用于制造生化武器的病原體、毒素方面的研究。 雖然布什政府在該生化研究領域加大了資金投入，不過這兩項法案讓此類研究不得不經過很多法定程序才得以進行，而且，法案中對研究細菌的人員也有限制。卡耐基-梅隆大學的科學家在《美國國家科學院院刊》上對這兩項法案所產生的影響發(fā)表了評價。 科學家們搜集了炭疽桿菌和埃博拉病毒方面的研究論文，并同樣搜集了克雷柏氏桿菌方面的文章作為對照。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)此類生化研究論文的總量確實有所增長。在上述兩項法案出臺之前，每100萬美元研究資金的投入，可以有17篇炭疽桿菌方面的研究論文問世，但此后由于受到法律限制，同樣是投入100萬美金，可憐只有寥寥3篇作品。而在埃博拉病毒研究方面，100萬美元的投入，成果也從原來的14篇驟減到6篇。但對照組中，克雷柏氏桿菌的研究論文數(shù)量在法案頒布前后并無差異。 研究結果：炭疽桿菌、埃博拉病毒的研究雖然并沒有受到嚴格約束，但研究效率卻大打折扣。